The Energy Performance Certification in Sweden was developed as a tool to achieve the Government's target to reduce Sweden's energy consumption by 20 percent by 2020. The Energy Performance Certificate has previously received some criticism for not fulfilling its purpose. Questions that formed the basis for this report is how the energy performance certification provides support to buyers of single-family houses and if the energy performance improved in terms of reliability. The report begins with a background description that describes how the energy declaration works and some of the findings of previous evaluations and surveys. A survey to investigate the broker's position to energy performance have been conducted as well as interviews with buyers and sellers of houses. An investigation whether the energy performance can vary between different calculation programs, depending on various assumptions made by the energy declarant, has been made.Brokers and sellers have proved negative attitudes towards energy performance, particularly brokers.

The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights is probably the world's most known andinternationally most respected document. The purpose of this study is to examine if the UDHRreflects universal values and norms and to assess its moral and juridical relevance today, 60 yearsafter the adoption. The literature used in this literature-based critical study is mainly written bythe academic elite of the discourse on Human Rights. By comparing these sources I have reachedthe conclusion that the UDHR is still today an important document because of its continuinginfluence on international lawmaking and because of the encouragement and aspirations tomankind in the never-ending struggle for the rights it represents..

Inom den svenska byggbranschen arbetar beställare, brukare och entreprenör traditionellt sett skilda åt i klassiska general- eller totalentreprenader. En viss misstro till varandras tillförlitlighet har varit ett faktum som inte gått att förneka. Under det senaste decenniet har en arbetsform byggd på samarbete kallad strategisk partnering utvecklats. Strategisk Partnering är en arbetsform där samtliga aktörer är delaktiga i flera projekt och arbetar som Projektet AB. Då det i strategisk partnering skrivs kontrakt över flera år ingår alla aktörer i ett längre samarbete där allas del i kedjan är lika viktig.

The Pedagogical progression within MSI ? Based upon The Bologna Process and UPC.In a near future several of the European countries will begin working after new guidelines concerning a declaration called the Bologna process. Everything will be done one step at a time and the declaration will change the way the students are being graded, all this for the sake of making the European labour-market moreopened for all of its millions of students.In Växjö this process is in the making, but to adapt to the future demands the school must also change its ways of teaching.To increase its quality the University has put together a procedure of actions to improve the pedagogical working method in all its institutions. In this essay we would like to elucidate how the work with the Bologna process is proceeding within the institution of Mathematics and System Engineering and whatthey do improve their pedagogical teaching. By doing a qualitative case study on the student at the Computer Science Program we wish to find the answers to our questions..

Public confession and declaration of grace in the mass, following the book of worship of the Church of Sweden, is considered by many to be problematic, and hence the topic of frequent discussion. This is apparent already in the proposal for the existing book of worship, as well as in those official proposals that have been presented in recent years for a revised order of worship. This paper provides a summary account of the historical development of the public confession (and its attendant parts) from the early church into recent times, with a focus on the Church of Sweden, focusing on church regulation and official books of worship. This account shows that a public confession existed in early Christian celebration of service/mass, and that public confession and declaration of grace as we know it today (in the Church of Sweden) has developed from the practice of private confession with a relationship to Holy Communion. In Sweden, the ambitions of the Lutheran program of reformation with respect to public confession did not materialize fully.

Quality is the key to a well executed product or service. The construction industry hasn?t highlighted the quality in recent times which have contributed to the construction industry receiving much criticism in the field. The public sees it as an offhanded industry where errors and delays are common.The reason for this is considered to be primarily the lack of time, constant pressure to reduce costs and skills and the ability to communicate between the parties about what the correct quality really means. The industry has begun to realize that it must start setting clearer standards and that there are great opportunities for improvement.This report will give Peab an opportunity to develop their quality work.

Utökad samverkan eller Partnering, som det även kallas, utvecklades i USA i slutet på 1980-talet med ambitionen att få byggsektorns aktörer att i högre grad samarbeta i stället för att beställare och entreprenör skulle hamna i motsatsförhållande till varandra. I denna rapport kommer jag att beskriva vad utökad samverkan är för något ur ett allmänt perspektiv. Men jag kommer även att titta på hur man från Trafikverkets håll ser på samverkansformen och hur erfarenheterna av detta är inom Trafikverket Investering Nord. Trafikverket bildades den 1 april 2010 som en sammanslagning mellan Banverket och Vägverket. I dagsläget pågår arbetet ute i Trafikverket för att hitta den optimala organisationen från tidigare två separata verksamheter.

The Energy Performance Certification in Sweden was developed as a tool to achieve the Government's target to reduce Sweden's energy consumption by 20 percent by 2020. The Energy Performance Certificate has previously received some criticism for not fulfilling its purpose. Questions that formed the basis for this report is how the energy performance certification provides support to buyers of single-family houses and if the energy performance improved in terms of reliability. The report begins with a background description that describes how the energy declaration works and some of the findings of previous evaluations and surveys. A survey to investigate the broker's position to energy performance have been conducted as well as interviews with buyers and sellers of houses. An investigation whether the energy performance can vary between different calculation programs, depending on various assumptions made by the energy declarant, has been made.Brokers and sellers have proved negative attitudes towards energy performance, particularly brokers.

The purpose of this essay is to examine why some countries in the world decided to support Kosovo?s declaration of independence in 2008, while others did not. The essay is a type of case study, with Kosovo?s independence as the main focus. For the purpose of the essay, main focus will be on the United States of America, Russia, China and Serbia.

Byggbranschen har länge brottats med problem. Uppenbara brister har konstaterats vad gäller projektlönsamhet, kvalité och arbetsmiljö. Kritik kommer såväl från politiker som från ägare och kunder. En utveckling för att förnya och förbättra branschen pågår sedan en tid tillbaka där ett antal organisationer arbetar med förändrings- och förbättringsarbete. Själva byggprocessen är här av central betydelse där en stor förbättringspotential finns.

Title Becoming involved in the planning process - from the construction workers perspective.University/Institution Halmstad UniversityKeywordsEmpowerment through participation, construction workers involvement in decision making in the planning process, knowledge management and communication in the planning process, partnering, human resource managementAimThe aim of this bachelor thesis is to provide knowledge and examine how construction workers perceive involvement in the planning process of partnering projects, what they can contribute and what they get out of the planning process.Methodology The study was conducted with a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews.          The interview studie consist of 10 interviews with construction workers who are specially educated in participating in the planning process at the company ByggDialog AB.ConclusionAll respondents are positive to be involved in the planning process. The main advantages they can see is that they are able to influence technical solutions and methods that will be used later on in the production. Therefore it is important to consider when construction workers should be involved in the planning process so that they get the chance to influence in this decisions.When it comes to the decision making the construction workers should be involved in the decisions that are related to their tasks in the production such as technical solutions, choice of methods and materials. Their main duties and working hours should be in the production.Involvement in planning does not automatically mean that the construction workers are involved in the decision making, it is up to them how much they participate.

Anläggningsbranschens anseende har påverkats negativt under en längre tid på grund av bland annat överskridna budgetramar, försenade leveranser och kvalitetsmässiga misslyckanden. Den traditionella upphandlingsmodellen med fast lägsta pris och färdiga handlingar skapar oftast en känsla av ekonomisk trygghet. Tyvärr är detta en illusion där man inkluderar diverse buffertar från olika aktörer vilket i sin tur leder till att den ekonomiska utvecklingen inom byggsektorn stannar av. Partnering är en samverkansform mellan de olika aktörerna i ett byggprojekt. Tanken är att byggherre, entreprenör, arkitekt, konstruktör, installatör och övriga parter ska samarbeta med öppen ekonomisk redovisning.

Anläggningsbranschens anseende har påverkats negativt under en längre tid på grund av bland annat överskridna budgetramar, försenade leveranser och kvalitetsmässiga misslyckanden. Den traditionella upphandlingsmodellen med fast lägsta pris och färdiga handlingar skapar oftast en känsla av ekonomisk trygghet. Tyvärr är detta en illusion där man inkluderar diverse buffertar från olika aktörer vilket i sin tur leder till att den ekonomiska utvecklingen inom byggsektorn stannar av. Partnering är en samverkansform mellan de olika aktörerna i ett byggprojekt. Tanken är att byggherre, entreprenör, arkitekt, konstruktör, installatör och övriga parter ska samarbeta med öppen ekonomisk redovisning.

AbstractThe development of the construction industry is slower compared to other industries. This implies that there must be improvements in this field. One step to increased effectiveness in construction projects is making the construction process more efficient, therefore resulting in a positive result for both the actual construction project and for the overall branch. The purpose of this study is to identify areas for improvement within the municipal housing company Gavlegårdarna completed construction project, who will then contribute to increased efficiency in their upcoming projects. The work has been performed with the help of two case studies examine construction projects "Fullriggaren" and "The three nursing homes." Opinions about what could have improved the efficiency of these construction projects further have been collected with the help of an interview study among some of the project participants involved in both projects.There have been many studies addressing the topic of how the construction process can be streamlined and similar studies that have been previously conducted.

In 1809 the citizens of Sweden where given the freedom to practice their Christian faith through the Swedish constitution of 1809, 16 §. This proclaimed that there should be religious freedom in Sweden, albeit restricted to Evangelical-Lutheran faith. Although after the law regarding dissenters was passed in 1860 by choosing another church than the Evangelical-Lutheran church you lost some civic rights, for example you could not become a public official. The freedom to choose religious affiliation was given through the Law of Religious Freedom in 1951. The purpose of this study is to evaluate in what way the concept of religious freedom has developed in Swedish law between 1809 and 1951.In the background I treat two historical events and one era, with focus upon religious freedom, which have in my opinion influenced the view of religious freedom in Sweden during the chosen period of 1809?1951.