The nitrogen cycle in freshwater bodies is complex and consists of many separate processes affected by a number of important factors for example oxygen concentration in the water, temperature and circulation. Knowledge of the different components of the nitrogen cycle exists; however, a complete and comprehensive picture is difficult conceptually as well as theoretically. The available literature illustrates that the research on nitrogen and the related freshwater processes is still associated with high uncertainty of how much of the supplied nitrogen from the catchment is transported with the water versus and how much is lost due to denitrification, sedimentation or uptake by plants. This report is an interdisciplinary survey of Nitrogen discharge permitting. The research focuses in particular on the decision-making process, the levels of scientific standard and the administrative framework.Application for Nitrogen discharge permits are decided by the Environmental Court with council from their own experts as well as relevant government authorities and organisations.

The importance of energy- and environmental issues has increased, and the work towards reducing carbon dioxide emissions plays a major part. The European Union has set up goals for the membership countries to work towards this to happen. The carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden have been reduced the last few years, but there is still a lot to do. About 30 per cent of Sweden?s carbon dioxide emissions generate from energy usage related to housing, this is why the housing sector is of interest to examine.

This study examines the experiences and perspectives of after-school program teachers through a qualitative research approach. The purpose is to deepen the understanding of their experiences within the after-school setting and how these insights might contribute to the development of this environment. Semi-structured and narrative interviews were used for data collection, allowing a flexible and open conversational format where participants could express both concrete opinions and implicit thoughts. Following Ahrne and Svensson's (2022) argument, which emphasizes the importance of qualitative interviews in capturing experiences of individuals active within specific social settings, this method is considered well-suited for the study?s purpose. The narrative interviews provided the interviewees with the freedom to describe their own experiences in detail, while the semi-structured interviews ensured a foundational structure and opportunities for follow-up questions.

This master?s thesis will examine the concept of ?fixed establishment? in VAT-law. The concept can be found in the new EC-directive on the common system of value added tax, however it has existed for thirty years in previous directives. Despite this, the legislator has never provided a proper definition of the concept. Its meaning has therefore evolved through the case-law of the ECJ.The Court has put forward a number of criteria which are all to be met if a fixed establishment is to be at hand.

Sedan 2011 allt fler barn med autism tas emot idag i den svenska grundskolor eftersom de inte l?ngre har r?tt till grunds?rskolan utan signifikanta intellektuella funktionsneds?ttningar (SFS, 2010:800). Dock, vissa studier har visat att barn med autism i grundskolan ?r ensamma och ?r mindre accepterade av sina kamrater (Chamberlain et al; 2007). Jag ville unders?ka vad ?r det som f?rsv?rar eller underl?ttar social integration f?r barn med autism i grundskolan.

Sustainable development has become the ideology of the twentieth first century. As an important concept and as a framework of political action, sustainable development can at this point be considered as the very symbol of a paradigm in the international debate over environmental issues and the threats of climate change. But what does the concept of sustainability actually suggest? This thesis uses discourse analysis in order to examine the Swedish learning for sustainable development as to three different discourses on the national arena: the government and the municipals of PiteÄ and VÀxjö respectively. When the study foremost concerns official policy documents that contain associations with the study area, the methodology used takes into consideration both language, signs, metaphors and so called story lines.

Sustainable development has become the ideology of the twentieth first century. As an important concept and as a framework of political action, sustainable development can at this point be considered as the very symbol of a paradigm in the international debate over environmental issues and the threats of climate change. But what does the concept of sustainability actually suggest? This thesis uses discourse analysis in order to examine the Swedish learning for sustainable development as to three different discourses on the national arena: the government and the municipals of PiteÄ and VÀxjö respectively. When the study foremost concerns official policy documents that contain associations with the study area, the methodology used takes into consideration both language, signs, metaphors and so called story lines.

This study examined the factors influencing dairy farmersÂŽ decisions to invest in automated milking systems (AMS). The problem studied involves uncertainty, information and complexity for dairy farmers in specific decision contexts. The frame of reference in the thesis combines contingency theory and decision theory and is used in a qualitative analysis of a set interview with dairy farmers who have recently bought an AMS and salespersons from Delaval, one of the AMS suppliers.The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the decision making processes of dairy farmers, and in particular to identify which types of factors influence the outcome of an investment decision in the technological development of a farm.The study uses Thompsons` (1967) theory about the structure that organizations develop to handle the input of information. Thus, interest is focused on how a farm business structure handles information in the AMS decision, investigating the differences in information with Delaval?s "feed first principle" system and Lely?s "free cow traffic" system.The results of the qualitative interviews with the dairy farmers who bought an AMS show that there are three important factors that influence the outcome: employees, suppliers and the owner.

Summary Title: How to make decisions on software based servicedevelopment in the mobile handset industry.?The Rapid Model for Holistic Application Evaluation Authors: Per-Inge AnderssonPatrik Dreveborn Tutors: Björn Regnell, Department of Computer Science,Lund UniversityRobert Wenglén, School of Economics and Management,Lund University Problem formulation: Academically the questions of finding out what constitutes a sound decision base and finding out how to handle the issue of a holistic approach must be addressed in order to make a well balanced and relevant decision model. The core question is which decision criteria to include and which drivers are important in estimating the status of the criteria? Practically to provide Sony Ericsson with a formalized evaluation process for decisions on software development that is transparent, objective and challengeable. Purpose: Academically to contribute to the field of decision making research by elaborating on how to make a holistic, rapid and rational decision model.

Through previous studies during my education, I have experienced that chemical deicing road salt is a known problem, mainly in southern Sweden. Road salt causes damage to the environment and also damage to vehicles and structures such as bridges, etc. Road salt causes vehicles and steel constructions to rust, leading to increased costs for repairs of damage to structures. Road salt also causes damage to the plants and the economy to suffer, when plant material and soil needs to be replaced. In order to get closer to a solution, I put up three questions.

Denna studie ger ett exempel pĂ„ hur en musikskapande process kan se ut och har genomförts som en del i ett större projekt. Studien Ă€r baserad pĂ„ fyra pedagogiska övningar som genomförts med 12-Ă„riga elever (210 st). Övningarna bestĂ„r av: inlĂ€rning av en fĂ€rdig klappramsa, att i grupp skapa en egen klappramsa, att lĂ€ra ut den senare till sina kamrater samt att i grupper göra egna lĂ„tar. TolvĂ„ringarna jag har mött har för mig bevisat att de kan skapa musik vilket ocksĂ„ finns bekrĂ€ftat i andra studier. Jag har under arbetets gĂ„ng observerat och dokumenterat skapandeprocessen samtidigt som jag agerat ledare.

The largest project at the AICG lab at Linköping University, Cognitive models for virtual characters, focuses on creating an agent architecture for intelligent, virtual characters. The goal is to create an agent that acts naturally and gives a realistic user experience. The purpose of this thesis is to develop and implement an appropriate learning model that fits the existing agent architecture using an agile project methodology. The model developed can be seen as an online unsupervised reinforcement learning model that enhances experiences through reward. The model is based on Maes model where new effects are created depending on whether the agent is fulfilling its goals or not.The model we have developed is based on constant monitoring of the system.

Syftet med denna uppsats Àr att undersöka om lÀrares ickeverbala kommunikation Àr av betydelse vid andrasprÄksinlÀrning, eller med andra ord om lÀrares actio bidrar till elevers andrasprÄksinlÀrning? Detta har gjorts genom att studera huruvida det Àr möjligt att observera nÄgon skillnad mellan tvÄ elevgrupper vad gÀller elevers gensvar (eller mer precist elevers delaktighet/passivitet, agerande/ickeagerande, uppmÀrksamhet/ouppmÀrksamhet, kommentarer och yttranden/tysthet) nÀr en lÀrare aktivt och medvetet anvÀnder sig av actio kontra medvetet utelÀmnar actio. Det teoretiska ramverket utgÄr frÄn Marie Gelangs definition av actio och actiokapital samt McGregor et als teori om att gestikulerad input underlÀttar konsolidering av sprÄkkunskap och att sprÄkkunskap dÀrigenom blir mer robust. Genom observation har en kvalitativ jÀmförelse mellan tvÄ grupper genomförts, dÀr en lÀrare medvetet anvÀnt sig av ickeverbal kommunikation, eller actio, i en grupp, medan samme lÀrare inte anvÀnt sig av actio i grupp tvÄ. DÀrutöver har lÀrarens egna actio iakttagits samt att lÀraren har intervjuats.

Insufficient intake of vegetables is a reason for micronutrient deficiencies and malnutrition in developing countries. With urbanization, globalization and a growing world population it is of major importance to secure sufficient food supply for the world?s population. Part of the solution to increased food security among the world?s poor could be the introduction of vegetable home gardens, plots for small scale vegetable production which can provide households with sufficient vegetables as well as serve as an extra income source. The study Improving peri-urban home gardens aims at examining the existence of vegetable home gardens in the peri-urban areas of Hyderabad, India.

Cykling f?r transport har potential att vara en del av h?llbara st?der och samh?llen genom att bidra till h?llbara transporter och fr?mja fysisk aktivitet. F?r att ?ka transportcyklandet arbetar planeringsakt?rer med att vidareutveckla utvalda cykelv?gar till s? kallade supercykelv?gar. Vidareutvecklingen best?r dels av upprustning av cykelv?garnas standard och av att synligg?ra dem genom gestaltning bland annat i form av enhetlig v?gvisning.