Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a novel arthropod-borne orthobunyavirus emerging in Europe in 2011 to 2012. Acute SBV infection causes diarrhoea, fever and reduced milk production in dairy cattle, but it is mainly the reproductive disorders (abortions, malformed foetuses and stillborn animals) in ruminants that have caused substantial economical losses. The prevalence of the virus outside of Europe is poorly investigated. SBV or SBV-like antibodies were detected in Mozambique in 2013, which raised interest for a similar study in Tanzania. In this study in Tanzania, blood samples were collected from 478 sheep and goats from 39 herds in 15 different villages in three districts, covering areas in the north, south and east of Tanzania. The epidemiology of the virus was investigated by tracing antibodies by ELISA and mapping of the virus by PCR was started.

I denna studie underso?ks vilken inverkan kulturskillnader har pa? kunskapso?verfo?ringsprocessen o?ver nationsgra?nser i mindre svenska fo?retag. Detta go?rs genom en fallstudie av det svenska elektronikfo?retaget CrossControl, som nyligen startat en fabrik i Malaysia. Efter att ha observerat att det finns viss problematik med att bli ett multinationellt fo?retag sa? sa?g vi ett behov av att underso?ka om na?gra av de ma?nga hinder som finns vad ga?ller kunskapso?verfo?ring kan kopplas till kulturella skillnader.

Through wing pattern, posture and movement, a harmless moth of the family Brenthia imitates an eight-eyed jumping spider. When an octopus of the species Thaumoctopus mimicus sense danger it can alter its appearance to that of a venomous sea snake. They are both drawing attention to themselves. Nevertheless, and because of this, they are protected. The mechanism is called mimicry.

Aktierelaterade ersättningar skall från och med 1 januari 2005 redovisas enligt den nya redovisnings standarden IFRS 2. Standarden går ut på att incitamentsprogram skall redovisas som en kostnad i resultat räkningen. För att värdera incitamentsprogram baserade på optioner skall värderingsmodellen Black-Scholes användas. I modellen kan bolagen skatta volatiliteten relativt fritt, vilket skapar möjligheter att påverka kostnaden för optionsprogrammet. Med ledning av effektiva marknads hypotesen och Black-Scholes tar jag reda på om bolagen gör en skattning av volatiliteten som överensstämmer med den historiska volatiliteten, när de värderar sina optionsprogram.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker den implicerade volatiliteten hos svenska aktieoptioner, hur väl denna överensstämmer med den realiserade volatiliteten och om den kan prognostisera densamma. Då undersökningen görs på aktieoptioner, som i Sverige är amerikanska, är valet av värderingsmodell av stor vikt och av denna anledning har vi valt att använda oss av två modeller. Dessa modeller är Black-Scholes som är en modell utformad för värdering av europeiska optioner men som efter vidareutveckling av Merton, klarar direktavkastning samt Cox-Ross- Rubinstein som båda kan hantera amerikanska optioner. Resultatet från dessa båda modeller jämförs sedan dels med den realiserade volatiliteten och dels med varandra. För att utvärdera det eventuella prediktionsvärdet hos den implicerade volatiliteten gör vi sedan två regressioner där den implicerade volatiliteten från de båda modellerna jämförs med den realiserade volatiliteten.

Forskningsfra?ga? Hur kan mobiltelefonen integreras i detaljhandelsfo?retags marknadsfo?ring?SyfteSyftet med va?r uppsats a?r att urskilja och analysera likheter och olikheter mellan fo?retag och konsumenter ga?llande marknadsfo?ring med sto?d av mobiltelefonen. Detta go?r vi genom att klarla?gga:Konsumenters upplevda va?rde via mobiltelefonenFo?retags anva?ndning av mobiltelefonen som marknadsfo?ringsresurs  MetodUppsatsen har baserats pa? en kvalitativ studie som kommit att anta en deduktiv ansats med inslag av induktion. Vi har gjort den empiriska insamlingen genom semistrukturerade intervjuer da?r vi valt att intervjua tre va?lka?nda fo?retag inom detaljhandelsbranschen samt fokusgrupper.SlutsatsVa?r analys visar att mobiltelefonen kan integreras i detaljhandelsfo?retags marknadsfo?ring pa? olika sa?tt.

För att prissätta optioner är val av modell en viktig fråga. I denna kandidatuppsatsbeskrivs både Black & Scholes modell och SABR-modellen. Förstnämnda modell ärenklare än SABR-modellen men bygger på antaganden som inte stämmer överens medverkligheten. Den ger heller inte någon explicit formel för den implicita volatilitetenoch predikterar inte heller på ett korrekt sätt fenomenet volatility smile vilketobserveras på marknaden.Syftet med uppsatsen är att utvärdera prestandan hos SABR-modellen ochanvändarvänligheten, samt att undersöka lite av teorin bakom modellen och vissa avdess egenskaper. Till grund för beräkningarna ligger datamaterial hämtat från NasdaqOMX Nordic.Enligt mina beräkningar är resultatet att SABR-modellen endast presterar marginelltbättre än Black & Scholes-modellen.

Inledning: Som svar p? den l?nga traditionen av mejerikonsumtion producerar varum?rket Oatly alternativa produkter framst?llda p? havre (Oatly, u.?). I ett samh?lle som k?nnetecknas med h?rd konkurrens mellan f?retag och ett marknadsf?ringsklimat med medvetna och kr?vande konsumenter ?r det sv?rt att sticka ut och positionera sig (Hamzah et al, 2014). Oatly anser sig vara en drivande akt?r (Oatly, u.?) i debatten kring mejeriprodukters klimatp?verkan och har en m?ls?ttning att f?r?ndra beteenden i syfte att minska konsumtion av dessa produkter.

Future emission legislation puts great emphasis on increasing the efficiency of the engine, thereby reducing fuel consumption. The tribological contact between cylinder liner and piston ring is where an great amount of energy is lost due to friction, and by reducing these losses an reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the tested piston ring coatings against a plasma sprayed cylinder liner and rank these combinations of materials for friction and wear resistance. The coatings that were tested was Cr + Al2O3, (Al,Cr)N, two types of CrN and WC / C.The experimental tests were performed with a so-called pin-plate, where used oil with addition of an acidic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to mimic the acidic condensate formed when exhausts recirculate, were added with a continuous flow. The results were then analyzed by weighing, studies by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profile measurements.The results from each material combination were that the plasma coated cylinder liner wears too aggressively in order to yield a ranking of the piston ring coatings based on the parameters of friction and wear resistance. It is therefore proposed that an alternative coating on the cylinder liner should be developed, lacking the large abrasive wear on piston rings and that can withstand the corrosive environment resulting in engines equipped with EGR.

Denna uppsats handlar om hur artisterna Håkan Hellström och Ken Ring konstruerar diskurser kring maskuliniteten i sina musiktexter. Utifrån poststrukturalistiskt influerad teori kring feminism och maskulinitet görs en komparativ närläsning som bildar en tematiskt uppbyggd studie. Utifrån det för artisterna gemensamma temat utanförskap visar studien att utanförskapet hos Ken Ring är relaterat till en känsla av maktlöshet. Denna kompenserar Ken genom att konstruera maskulina diskurser med ett överdrivet anspråk på det som den europeiska kulturen förknippar med maskulinitet och genus. Detta kan kontrasteras mot Håkan Hellström som i sitt utanförskap konstruerar maskulina diskurser där ?omanlighet? och ett kärleks- och sexualitetsbegrepp där ?jaget? blir könsmässigt tvetydligt, står i fokus.

This paper aims to investigate what part Swedish media plays when it comes to portraying hiv and people infected by the virus. The study comes from articles published in Sweden's two largest daily newspapers, Dagens Nyheter and Göteborgs Posten, in 2007.By using discourse analysis we found that hiv within Sweden is described as related to riskgroups or risk behaviour and that individuals with hiv is portrayed as average people living normal lives. Except for the above described pattern, stories about so called hiv-men frequently occur. Overall, the words abroad and foreigners are reproduced in articles about individuals living with hiv or aids. When it comes to articles describing hiv abroad, aids is more in focus and people living with the virus is portrayed as innocent victims.

"Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (FAO Summit, 2003, pp. 28).Food insecurity is of concern regarding the Republic of Mauritius (ROM) since it is defined as a net food importing country. (Farming news, 2008). The impacts of climate change followed by their complexity could potentially have an increased risk effect upon the social and environmental welfare as well as the economic drivers in the ROM (www, UNESCO1, 2009). The primary victims when it comes to the impacts of climate change are the Mauritian agricultural producers since agriculture is highly dependent on climate stability, therefore affecting the yields of the producers.

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous in the environment today and they have been detected even in remote areas such as the Arctic. PFASs can be transported by the atmosphere and ocean currents but the transport mechanism is not fully understood. PFASs may be harmful to organisms due to their persistence in the environment, bio-accumulation potential and toxicity. Studies have shown that PFASs can cause adverse effects on the metabolism as well as the endocrine- and reproduction systems in organisms. In this study, PFASs were investigated in glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) (n=5) and black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) (n=4) from Svalbard.

The complexity of the mast cell is becoming more prominent. From being the cell recognized just to contribute to allergic inflammation it is now also associated with wound healing, protection against tumor growth and in recognition and defense against a wide range of pathogens. The location of the mast cell in the barrier between the external and internal environment of the body enables the cell to quickly respond to invading bacteria, virus and parasites. Diarrhea due to Escherichia coli infection, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, Newcastle disease and bovine respiratory syncytial virus are examples of mast cell activating diseases that can affect animals in, as well as outside, the agricultural sector. Additionally, ticks and tick-borne diseases are of concern.

Future emission legislation puts great emphasis on increasing the efficiency of the engine, thereby reducing fuel consumption. The tribological contact between cylinder liner and piston ring is where an great amount of energy is lost due to friction, and by reducing these losses an reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved.The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the tested piston ring coatings against a plasma sprayed cylinder liner and rank these combinations of materials for friction and wear resistance. The coatings that were tested was Cr + Al2O3, (Al,Cr)N, two types of CrN and WC / C.The experimental tests were performed with a so-called pin-plate, where used oil with addition of an acidic mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to mimic the acidic condensate formed when exhausts recirculate, were added with a continuous flow. The results were then analyzed by weighing, studies by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profile measurements.The results from each material combination were that the plasma coated cylinder liner wears too aggressively in order to yield a ranking of the piston ring coatings based on the parameters of friction and wear resistance. It is therefore proposed that an alternative coating on the cylinder liner should be developed, lacking the large abrasive wear on piston rings and that can withstand the corrosive environment resulting in engines equipped with EGR.