The swedish rule concerning the treatment of employee stock-Options have changed and the new wording of the rule will be applicable for the first time in 2010. The previous wording of the rule stated that the employee shall be taxed for the stock-Option when moving abroad, even if the Option is not exercised. The Swedish Skatteverket and Regeringsrätten have found that this rule is in conflict with the free movement of persons within the European Union. The new wording of the rule states that the employee shall be taxed when the Option is excercised, no matter where the employee is situated. A state`s right of taxation of a stock-Option determines wheter and to what extent the employee stock-otion derives from that state..

The swedish rule concerning the treatment of employee stock-Options have changed and the new wording of the rule will be applicable for the first time in 2010. The previous wording of the rule stated that the employee shall be taxed for the stock-Option when moving abroad, even if the Option is not exercised. The Swedish Skatteverket and Regeringsrätten have found that this rule is in conflict with the free movement of persons within the European Union. The new wording of the rule states that the employee shall be taxed when the Option is excercised, no matter where the employee is situated. A state`s right of taxation of a stock-Option determines wheter and to what extent the employee stock-otion derives from that state..

The purpose of this report was to compare two different Options for expanding of an existing pig farm. For the time being there are low prices within the agricultural market of pig production, and it is interesting to see if it is worth expanding or not. The two different Options this report is based on are: expanding from a herd with 50 sows in breeding gilt production to a herd with 100 sows in breeding gilt production (Option 1), or expanding to a herd with 140 sows in breeding gilt production (Option 2). The number of pregnant gilts produced per year will stay the same for both alternatives; about 300 pregnant gilts per year. The rest of the breeding gilts will be sold at a weight of 25 kg. The pigs that are not sold as breeding gilts (e.g. castrates, and female pigs that are too small or that have disorders) will be kept on the farm as growing-finishing pigs until 120 kg of live weight, and then sold to the slaughter house. By using the existing buildings, even after the expanding, the investment costs, and thereby costs for housing, were kept as low as possible.

En sammanfattning av uppsatsen på maximalt 8000 tecken.Syftet är att visa hur värdet på en Option hos ettrentingbolag förhåller sig till en Optionsvärdering utifrån en traditionell teoretisk modell. Häri ingår också i syftet att skapa förståelse för hur rentingbolaget prissatt sin Option. Vidare är ett delsyfte att beskriva hur en del av kunderna ser på värderingen av den Option de har i avtalet med rentingbolaget.Vårt angreppssätt är deduktivt då vi utifrån befintlig teori har utformat en lämplig värderingsmodell. Vi har valt en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och med hjälp av en fallstudie undersökt ett fallföretag och en analysenhet, ett Optionskontrakt.Teorin vi har använt oss av är Optionsteori, binomial Optionsvärdering och teori kring volatiliteten har hjälpt oss att värdera fastighetsOptionen i fråga.Undersökningar har visat att varken kunder eller Skandrenting använder sig av någon teoretisk Optionsvärderingsmodell. Skandrentings Option visade sig vara undervärderad i förhållande till vår teoretiska beräkning..

Analysts at Venture Capital firms of today experience troubles when they try to explicate the intrinsic value, which they see in their investments. The traditional valuation models do not account the value of flexibility and analysts have to Through studies at a Venture Capital firm in Sweden, I have analyzed if Real Option analysis could help them to explicate the intrinsic value that they see.With the help from a decision tree, analysts can identify the hidden Option values embedded in the investment. I find that real Options can be a helpful tool for Venture Capital companiesto clarify the intrinsic values that they see in their investments. Real Option analysis is however not a competitor to traditional value methods, it is rather a compliment..

A real Option model is developed to examine the crucial factors affecting the agricultural firms? decision to quit the production and rent out the land to a company building a PV power plant. The public policies in support of investments in renewable energies have created the conditions for a market regarding investments in PV installations in agricultural areas.The decision to switch offers to the agricultural firm and to society several economical, social and environmental benefits, representing sustainability. However, PV installations in agricultural areas require the allocation of a certain land area. By assigning a part of land to PV installations, thereby the area of land allocated to agricultural production decreases.

Purpose: During the last years Real Options have been established in many areas of the day-to-day business. Recent literature also tries to address Supply Chain problems with Option theory, since an efficient Supply Chain increasingly gains in importance as a significant competitive advantage. This thesis tries to answer the question, if Real Options can mitigate the costs induced by the Bullwhip Effect as one of the major problems in Supply Chains. Methodology: The authors of the thesis used a deductive approach. Based on a theoretical model utilizing Real Option contracts and under the usage of a randomly created dataset the influence of the Bullwhip Effect on the company?s business and financial structure is examined and subsequently analyzed.

The purpose of this study is to examine the expiration day effect on a stocks volatility due to stock Option expiration, which is every third Friday in the month on Stockholm stock exchange. Volatility is the standard deviation of a stock. It measures the uncertainty about a stocks future movement. When volatility increases, the chance or probability of a stock going up or down increases. It?s a common rumor among stock traders that stock volatility tends to increase nearby expiration day.

The debate on the future of Nuclear power in Sweden has increased with the discussion on global warming. The uncertainty of fossil fuel- and carbonprices the latest years has aroused considerable interest in Nuclear from power companies, industry and politicians. Nuclear power plants have negligible CO2 emissions and are not directly affected by increased price of emission rights and fossil fuels. The future power production needs to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases to become sustainable. The purpose of this study is to examine the value for power producers to have the Option to invest in Nuclear power and how a Nuclear power venture would affect future electricity prices. The study uses two methods, a traditional cash flow model and real Option analysis, to estimate the value of Nuclear power.

SummaryThe purpose of this thesis is to examine what effect the IFRS 2 has on earnings, equity, financial strength and return on equity for listed Swedish companies with active stock Option plans. The purpose is further to investigate the companies? attitudes towards IFRS 2 and to find out if companies tend to deviate from stock Option plans due to the changed accounting rules. We also want to examine the view of IFRS 2 from an auditor?s perspective.We have used a deductive approach and a mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods with a view to get a completely clear picture within the field of study.

SammanfattningTitel: ?Lurad? av ett erbjudande ? en empirisk studie om prissättning och kundens beteendemönsterNivå: Kandidatuppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi: MarknadsföringFörfattare: Adam Naenfeldt & Mattias SöderströmHandledare: Jonas KågströmDatum: Juni 2013Syfte: Syftet med examensarbetet var att analysera konsumenters beteende. Hjälpverktyget vid genomförandet var att använda oss av teorin, Option Framing. Delsyftet var att undersöka nuvarande prissättningsmodell inom revisions- och redovisningsbranschen.Metod: Studien innehåller två delar, en kvantitativ del och en kvalitativ del. I den kvantitativa delen var utgångspunkten tidigare forskning och med hjälp av den tidigare forskningen utformades två enkäter.

This study is about the potential advantages as an investment Option in a portfolio. The study shows that the incorporation of bitcoins in a portfolio, even to a small degree, gives significant increases of both risk and return. The different studied portfolios sharpe ratio rises, which in turn shows that the risk reducing return increases when bitcoins is used as an investment Option.This study is based on Virtual Currency, Tangible Return: Portfolio Diversification with Bitcoins by Brière, Oosterlinck and Szafarz. The authors of this study have compared their own results with the study mentioned and seen its similarities and differences. The study investigated a total of eleven different assets percentage return over 192 weeks ranging from July 2010 to March 2014.

Efficient numerical methods for Option pricing is an active field of research. This project has the goal to examine possible ways to improve an established method of numerical pricing. The method is based on an adaptive finite difference method in price and uses the backwards differentiation formula of order 2, BDF2, in time. The project will focus on improvements to the time integration through implementation of discontinuous Galerkin methods, dG. Empirical convergence and accuracy results are obtained for equidistant dG-methods up to order 3 and performance is compared to BDF2.

Introduction: A general guideline was introduced on October first 2010 regarding a mortgage cap, limiting the degree of leverage of housing as collateral. Through the new guidelines the marked conditions concerning consumers? choice of mortgage has changed. The consumers are limited in the sense that they can?t only use mortgage when purchasing a house.

SummaryThe purpose of this thesis is to examine what effect the IFRS 2 has on earnings, equity, financial strength and return on equity for listed Swedish companies with active stock Option plans. The purpose is further to investigate the companies? attitudes towards IFRS 2 and to find out if companies tend to deviate from stock Option plans due to the changed accounting rules. We also want to examine the view of IFRS 2 from an auditor?s perspective.We have used a deductive approach and a mix of quantitative and qualitative research methods with a view to get a completely clear picture within the field of study.