What role should science play in democracy? Political scientists often assume that it is possible to demarcate between ?instrumental? and ?moral? knowledge, and argue that citizens and/or politicians should use their moral knowledge to agree upon political goals and then apply the instrumental knowledge of scientists to achieve them. This straightforward view is challenged by writers in science studies, who identify three major problems in the use of science in democracy: uncertainty, risk and hidden values. They suggest that these problems could be solved through citizen participation.In this essay I perform an analysis of the internal logic of their suggestion. Is it likely that citizen participation enhances the democratic decision making process so as to reduce the problems? The internal analysis shows that it is rational to advocate citizen participation by reasons of legitimacy.

The aim of this study is to, from a child?s family relations, describe the usage of terms relating to factors of risk and safety in science and in investigations concerning children in need of protection. It is also of importance in what way the terms are used when the Social Services suggest that measures should be taken, and in which way the children have been heard in the investigations.The issues raised in this study are: (a) How is the current life situation and life quality of the children discussed? (b) The value of factors concerning risks and protection. (c) How is the children?s own descriptions taken in to consideration? (d) Is gender issues considered? (e) How is Lagerberg?s model (Lagerberg, 1998) useful in investigations?The method of analysis is mainly qualitative however it is combined with analysis of literature relevant to the study.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att ja?mfo?ra den initiala komforten mellan sfa?riska och asfa?riska stabila linser da? uppfattningen har varit att asfa?riska linser (med sin mer fo?ljsamma passform) borde vara bekva?mare.Metoder: Studien omfattade 30 deltagare med en medela?lder pa? 26 a?r. Med hja?lp av topografens (Topcon CA-100) kontaktlinstillpassningsprogramvara valdes en sfa?risk A- design lins (fra?n Nordiska Lins) och en asfa?risk A90 lins (fra?n Expert Optik, Sverige) ut med passande parametrar. Linserna sattes i vardera o?ga utan att fo?rso?kspersonen visste vilken lins som var vilken.

AbstractMI stands for Motivational Interviewing, the Swedish translation of MI is Motiverande Samtal. Adolescence is a period in life when challenges are encountered and pivotal choices are being made. It is during this period adolescents form their lifestyle, which have an impact for their health for the rest of their life. MI has shown to be an effective and appropriate method for school nurses within school health care, to utilize in approaching by adolescents with risk behavior. This is because it gives adolescence to take responsibility and empowers them to make decisions regarding lifestyle-changes.

AbstractMI stands for Motivational Interviewing, the Swedish translation of MI is Motiverande Samtal. Adolescence is a period in life when challenges are encountered and pivotal choices are being made. It is during this period adolescents form their lifestyle, which have an impact for their health for the rest of their life. MI has shown to be an effective and appropriate method for school nurses within school health care, to utilize in approaching by adolescents with risk behavior. This is because it gives adolescence to take responsibility and empowers them to make decisions regarding lifestyle-changes.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: There are intentions from the Swedish government to provide guidelines and tools for a healthy social planning. The field is in a Swedish context relatively unstudied regarding psychosocial health and the neighbourhood. Aim: The study aimed to examine how social planning can affect the health of individuals. The focus areas were contextual and compositional factors related to individuals' psychosocial health and the contextual risk- and health factors that exist in the neighbourhood. Method: A literature-based study was conducted and 15 scholarly articles form the basis for analyse.

IT- och informationssäkerhet är ett ständigt aktuellt ämnesområde. ITsäkerhetsarbetei små organisationer framstår som ett underforskat område. Föratt göra en kartläggning av hur arbete med risk, hot och säkerhet kan se ut i småorganisationer har vi genomfört en explorativ intervjustudie med representanterför små organisationer om deras arbete med IT- och informationssäkerhet. Vihar dessutom genomfört intervjuer med experter på området för att få ettbredare perspektiv. Tolkningen och analysen av intervjusvaren har utförtsgenom att först tolka svaren utifrån Security Controls och därefter analyserasvaren utifrån fem temaområden som vi funnit i materialet.

I följande studie har vi valt att studera vad som menas med strategiskt HR-arbete, både som ideal samt i mer konkreta termer. Begreppet strategiskt HR-arbete är väl använt inom dagens organisationer, men den egentliga innebörden av begreppet rent konkret är mer diffust. Syftet med studien är mer precist att beskriva och konkretisera HR-personers egen uppfattning kring vad det innebär att arbeta strategiskt inom HR samt försöka förstå vad det innebär i praktiken.En enkät har skickats ut till 50 personer. 20 personer svarade och svaren analyserades med utgångspunkt ifrån den teoretiska referensram som vi använt oss utav.I teorin beskrivs den historiska utvecklingen av HR-arbete, och vi beskriver de betydelsefulla begreppen PA, HR, HRM och SHRM som ofta förekommer inom HR. Teorikapitlet avslutas med vår egen modell, vilken vi sammanställt utifrån den litteratur vi tagit del av.

Problem. Sponsorship has increased continuously during the 21st century, however, at the same time the public interest of traditional promotion has been diminishing. The meaning of sponsorship is a very diffuse and therefore the concept needs to be investigated. Due to the multitude of sponsorship and its impreciseness about its financial value, it is difficult to evaluate sponsorship for companies, especially when there is a difficulty in choosing a decent method for evaluation.Purpose. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the concept of sponsorship, motives for sponsorship and evaluation of sponsorship according to the theory and give empirical examples of how these areas are being managed by companies.Method.

Background: The latest development within the business world has been characterized by deregulation and globalization which has made the company bigger and even more influential. The increased power has resulted in a shift of responsibility for the community from the public to the private sector. (Steinholtz och Löhman, 2003) There have been many trends regarding what accountability includes and how financial accounting can be complimented in a useful and reliable way. Some trends have come to stay whilst others have shown to be less successful or the world has not been ready for them. (Larsson, a, 2002) Purpose: The purpose with this paper is to look at the historical development towards accounting for sustainability and to investigate what factors that might have hade an impact on this development.

Bakgrund: Kapital allokeras till produktiva investeringar på basis av uppskattad avkastning hos dessa och därför är det viktigt att kunna göra så rättvisande värderingar som möjligt. I praktiken är detta dock svårt eftersom många investeringar omgärdas av hög osäkerhet. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att ge ett bidrag till diskussionen om hur tillgångar värderas under speciellt osäkra förhållanden. Avgränsningar: Med tillgångar avses anläggningstillgångar. Med speciellt osäkra förhållanden avses situationer då variabler som framtida kassaflöden och tillgångens livslängd inte är kända.

Tester av CAPM och Beta av bland andra Eugene Fama och Kenneth French (1992) har visat att det inte existerar något samband mellan systematisk risk (beta) och avkastning för aktier på den amerikanska aktiemarknaden. Andra forskare hävdar att det kan finnas ett samband mellan beta och avkastning om den studerade tiden fokuserar på isolerade perioder med antingen positiva eller negativa marknader. Kritik har även riktats av bland annat Richard Roll för att olika index som approximation för aktiemarknaden vid beräkningen av beta kan generera helt skilda värden och således betyda att investerare kan ha olika förväntade avkastningar för samma aktie.I denna studie försöker författarna besvara frågan om det existerar ett signifikant samband mellan beta och avkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden. I studien undersöks sambandet på en aggregerad nivå under den totala studieperioden mellan 2003-2011 och även under isolerade positiva samt negativa marknader under samma period. Författarna använder sig av två olika index som approximation för den svenska aktiemarknaden, OMX Stockholm PI och OMX Stockholm 30, vid beräkningen av beta. För att kunna undersöka sambandet delas aktierna in i portföljer där snittvärden på beta och avkastning beräknas och studeras sedan i regressionsberäkningar.Resultatet av studien visar att det existerar ett signifikant samband mellan risk, symboliserat av beta, och avkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden vid positiva marknader under den studerade tidsperioden.

The thesis is based on a case study of a Swedish discussion forum where survivalism and prepping is the main focus. The awareness of an abrupt and immanent breakdown together with a full and thorough preparation for any conceivable threat posed by that breakdown is what legitimizes survivalism and prepping. This preparation, or risk-proofing is 1) grounded in an isolation of the body and its predispositions from perceived risks, and 2) actualized through artefacts, theoretical and practical knowledge and awareness. Stories of the embodied survivalist are also stories of masculine and heterosexual subjects and ?the others?.

When the independent upper secondary schools were started in 1992, it meant a change in the competitive relationship for the local upper secondary schools. A reduced number of students during some years ahead, while the number of independent upper secondary schools increase will probably result in tougher competition between upper secondary schools.The purpose of this study is to review and compare financial and performance management between a public and an independent upper secondary school. The dissertation will focus on the now existing competitive relationship between the two types of upper secondary schools.The theory underlying the study is Porter's model - five competitive forces. The model is applied to the local upper secondary school and used to identify competitive factors affecting upper secondary schools. The study is using a qualitative approach with five interviews at two upper secondary schools, one independent and one public, located in the same town.The comparison of financial and operational management of upper secondary schools indicate that the differences are not as great as we first imagined, but that there still are some differences.

Introduction: Although life expectancy had increased in Sweden for many decades and several health problems had diminished over time, there was no change in men's risk behaviour regarding for instance high alcohol and tobacco consumption. Many of the gender differences in health that existed in society explained were due to power structures and beliefs about behaviour based on gender; a social construction that resulted in the relatively high valuation of men with a more masculine behaviour. Aim: This literature review aimed to study and identify the scientific knowledge regarding paternity leave and its impact on men's health. Method: A literature- based study design was used and the material consisted of peer-reviewed articles from which six themes were identified: alcohol, tobacco, stress, isolation, social support and mortality risk. Results: Divided into three parts, the results described the socioeconomic background of the men who took paternity leave, as well as the impact of paternity leave and masculinity as an impact on men's health.