Detta examensarbete är utfört i samarbete med Grabitech Solutions AB på Pajala Värmeverk. Pajala Värmeverk är ett fjärrvärmeverk som förser ungefär 200 byggnader i centralorten Pajala med fjärrvärme. Värmen produceras huvudsakligen i en fastbränslepanna som eldas med bland annat flis och bark. I detta examensarbete ingår arbete på tre olika delsystem som alla på olika sätt är kopplade till fastbränslepannan. Det första delsystemet är den del av bränsleinmatningssystemet som kallas för stångmatarsystem.

Dagens kyrkogårdar har ofta reservmarker som inte används till något. De sköts på olika sätt, generellt används någon slags maskin. För att minska miljöpåverkan och maskinanvändningen kan betesdjur vara aktuella som ersättning. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och problem som kan finnas i att sköta kyrkogårdsmark med hjälp av betesdjur och vilken inställning kyrkogårdsansvariga har till betesdjur.Med hjälp av en litteraturstudie och av intervjuer undersöks betesdjur på kyrkogården. Resultatet från studien av litteratur redovisas under rubriken litteraturstudiens resultat.

Tall (Pinus sylvestris L.) är ett av Sveriges viktigaste trädslag. Med ökad efterfrågan på vedråvara samt ökade krav på naturavsättningar är det viktigt att öka produktionen i skogen. Röjning och tidig gödsling ger ökad volymproduktion men kan ge icke önskvärd påverkan på vedegenskaper som ökad mikrofibrillvinkel (MFV). MFV är vinkeln mellan mikrofibrillerna i cellväggens S2-lager och cellens längdaxel och påverkas av ståndort samt konkurrensen om ljus och näringsämnen. Höga MFV resulterar i sämre kvalitet på papper och sågade trävaror.

As birch is one of the most common trees in Sweden, and probably one of the easiest for someone who lives here to identify, it is interesting to note that most people do not know how variable the genus is and how widely it is distributed across the northern hemisphere. One can find birch growing at both high and low elevations, demanding different soil conditions and preferring varying amounts of sunlight. Many people may also be surprised to hear that the colour of the bark can vary from bight white to almost black, and different shades of pink, orange and red can also be displayed. This, together with the astonishing beauty of the genus, the important role as a pioneer in many ecological systems and the difficulty in sorting out the taxonomy of the genus, constitutes the background of this thesis. The thesis is written at the Department of Landscape Development in Alnarp, Sweden with Kenneth Lorentzon, researcher at the Swedish University of Agriculture as a supervisor. The aim of this thesis is to highlight which species and cultivars within the genus Betula could be appropriate for horticultural use in Sweden.

The modern silvicultural practices of today, with cutting by compartments, have led to a large benefit for the moose population through the cleared areas which produces large amount of fodder. This new landscape can produce and feed a large moose population. But it will cause a conflict effect towards the landowners; the conflict consists of browsing mainly in the young pine forest. The result from browsing and damage will be sparse stands with reduced growth and technical damage like leader shoot browsing, stem breaking and damage of the bark. Technical damage can kill the tree or damage it so hard that it would not work as future saw timber.

With the prospect of future construction on the Skutskär Pulp Mill property, Stora Enso Fine Paper has initiated an investigation of soil contaminants and a risk assessment of these contaminants. A soil and groundwater investigation has therefore been conducted on an open area of about 16 000 square meters, situated between the current wood room and digester house. To be able to integrate this study into an investigation for the whole industrial property, the study has been carried out as a phase 2 study according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency?s Methods of Inventories of Contaminated sites (MIFO).The site investigation has involved soil and groundwater sampling, together with the analysis of heavy metals and organic contaminants. The degree of hazard posed by the contaminants, the level of contamination, the potential for migration of the contaminants, as well as the degree to which protection of human health and the environment is required in the area, have been weighed together for an overall risk assessment of the area with regard to human health and the environment.The investigated area was built up by filling in the coastal waters.

The purpose of this study was to develop two types of prediction models for Scots Pine and Norway Spruce. The first type for calculation of the stump diameter under bark the year the tree reached breast height (Dstubh130). The second type for calculation of the annual difference, e.g. the number of growth years between stump height (0.2 m) and breast height (1.3 meters above ground level). The primary thought with these prediction models is to obtain the breast height age in the trees on basis of the number of annual rings at stump.

A recommendation for stand treatment of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) is, in a scientific point of view, lacking when it comes to harvesting for biomass energy. Within the next decades it is expected that 280 000 hectares of lodgepole pine will have reached thinning age on the domains of Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (SCA). Due to this the interest has grown rapidly for studying the possibilities of harvesting biofuel assortments already in the first thinning. In this study the distribution of the biomass within lodgepole pine trees has been studied and taken into account for estimating the proportions of harvested assortments when using different methods of thinning. The methods studied were conventional biofuel-harvesting (with delimbed branches gathered separately from the round wood) and thinning with cutting of round wood and long tops (incl.

Today there is a widespread opinion that the woodmarket and the forest industry are dominated by a traditional way of thinking and not adapted to the customers of today; a lot of products are produced purely on routine. Also, there is a demand for improving the quality of sawn woodproducts. AB Karl Hedin wants to sort this out by increasingly adapt their products to the demands of the market, i.e. through introducing a short wallstud of standard length, "Hedinregeln". At tirst, the wallstud will be produced in lengths of 2,70 m and of guaranteed quality.

Under våren 2013 har detta examensarbete utförts som en del i civilingenjörsutbildningen i energiteknik vid Umeå Universitet, och projektet har genomförts på uppdrag av Övik Energi AB. I arbetet har en studie över metoden för fukthaltsmätning av fasta biobränslen vid Övik Energis kraftvärmeverk, Hörneborgsverket gjorts. Fukthaltsmätningarna på biobränslet utförs i nuläget av VMF Nord (virkesmätningsföreningen) som är en opartisk förening. Det har dock befarats att fukthaltsmätningen som VMF utför inte är tillräckligt representativ för hur fukthalten ser ut i hela lasset, eftersom nuvarande prover endast tas på toppen av varje lass. Av den anledningen har ett antal testprovtagningar gjorts där fukthaltsprovet bestått av flera delprov från hela lasset.

The global biodiversity loss is mainly due to human activities such as an intensification of forestry. Boreal forest ecosystems in Fennoscandia are characterized by disturbances such as forest fires, storms and floods. However, industrial forestry practices suppress forest fires and change the landscape, leading to a loss of habitats and associated species. Particularly lichen species with slow adaptation abilities and a strong substrate specificity face an extinction debt in boreal forests since their substrates are long-lived but no longer created. In this study the species-substrate relationship of two red-listed forest-fire dependent lichen species Carbon-icola anthracophila and C.

Under det senaste decenniet har en skärpning av svensk deponeringslagstiftning skett. En konsekvens av den strängare lagstiftningen är att flertalet av dagens deponier ej uppfyller de krav som ställs och därmed måste de stängas ner. Detta har medfört att behovet av material för sluttäckning av deponier har ökat. Ett potentiellt sätt att tillgodose materielbehovet och samtidigt bespara naturresurser är att återanvända restprodukter. En restprodukt som potentiellt kan användas som konstruktionsmaterial vid sluttäckning av deponier är bottenaska och en tänkbar applikation är som dräneringsskikt.

Aspen (Populus tremula L.) and goat willow (Salix caprea L.) are two important tree species in the aspect of nature conservation. Due to the elimination of forest fires, a former negative attitude towards deciduous trees in forestry and a strong herbivore pressure, these tree species have been negatively affected during the last fifty years. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the occurrence of aspen and goat willow could be related to either human impact or to site properties, such as ground moisture and vegetation type. A side study included an inventory of a number of cyanobacterial tree lichens on aspen and goat willow in order to try to relate the occurrence of these lichens species to stand history and stand properties. The study was performed in Hamra State Forest in northern Dalarna. Nature reserves were compared with stands in managed areas.

Beef cattle wintering outdoors should be provided a shelter, e.g. a type of barn or corresponding. This type of production requires appropriate soil types and secured animal welfare. For example, a clean and dry resting place needs to be provided to the animals. To receive an exemption for buildings the farmer has to have something equivalent that provides an adequate shelter.

I norra delen av Sverige levde allmogen på jakt, fiske, boskapsskötsel och byteshandel innan storskiftet på 1800-talet. I Älvdalen levde man på detta sätt fram till ungefär 1870-talet. Åkerjorden var en bristvara och man vistades på fäbodar under sommarhalvåret, där kreaturen gick fritt och betade. Mjölkprodukterna togs tillvara genom tillverkning av ost, mese och smör på plats. För att få gott bete till djuren brände man eller taxade träden (dödade dem genom ringbarkning).