Kastrering av smågris för att motverka galtlukt görs idag i Sverige under grisens första levnadsvecka utan bedövning. EU kommissionen har lagt fram ett förslag på att från och med 2012 ska all Kastrering av grisar ske med bedövning, och kirurgisk Kastrering ska upphöra från 2018 under förutsättning att vissa praktiska problem har lösts tills dess. Olika alternativ till dagens Kastrering är således ett mycket aktuellt problem och ett av alternativen till detta är immunoKastrering. ImmunoKastrering sker genom att man vaccinerar grisen mot ett endogent hormon, GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), vilket hämnar testikelns funktion och minskar bildning av galtluktsämnena androstenon, skatol och indol. Denna litteraturstudie är inriktad på hur immunoKastrering påverkar grisarna ur produktionssynpunkt med fokus på kött- och fetthalt, beteende, foderåtgång och andra problem som diskuteras kring den praktiska tillämpningen av immunoKastrering på gris i Sverige. Studien visar att immunokastrerade grisar har högre kötthalt, lägre fetthalt och mindre foderåtgång än kirurgiskt kastrerade grisar.

In this work we have compiled results from various studies concerning medical conditions that may possibly be avoided by castration and the effects that may occur after castration of the healthy bitch. The work is a literature review but it also includes a summary on the age recommendations for castration of the healthy bitch, castration before or after the first heat and the castration method most commonly used of ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy. The summary is based on a questionnaire answered by personnel from 20 veterinary clinics and animal hospitals evenly distributed throughout Sweden.The summary showed that ovariohysterectomy was the most common method of castration and the recommendation in age ranged from 6-12 months. Regarding castration before or after the first heat 75% of the veterinary clinics and animal hospitals answered that they recommended castration after the first heat. Literature study shows that there are both advantages and disadvantages of castration of the healthy bitch and that it therefore is important that each bitch get a personal and individual evaluation before a decision is taken concerning a castration..

Lås in pedofilerna och kasta bort nyckeln. Tvångskastrera våldtäktsmännen. Samhällets dom mot sexualbrottslingarna är hård och vägen tillbaka för många omöjlig.Möt sexualbrottslingen och de som arbetar med män vars handlingar väcker avsky..

This degree project aims to evaluate alternative methods to the unanaesthetized castration of piglets. Castration of piglets is performed to prevent the development of boar taint. Boar taint can cause great financial losses for the pig manufacturer. Unanaesthetized castration of piglets is not regarded to be satisfactory from an animal welfare perspective and the procedure will for that reason be outlawed in the near future.Several alternative methods are used in countries all over the world with promising result. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if this methods could be applied in Swedish pig production.A literature study has been combined with interviews; field studies, questionnaires and a small study on male pig production.To be applicable to and applied in Swedish pig production the alternative method must be financially accepted by the manufacturers but also accepted from an animal welfare perspective.Castration is the only way to guarantee a meat free of boar taint.

Det här arbetet är en litteraturstudie som behandlar alternativa sätt till kirurgisk Kastrering av smågrisar. Obedövad Kastrering av våra smågrisar är i längden inte en hantering som är acceptabel ur djurvälfärdssynpunkt. Problemet är att hangrisen utvecklar två könshormonsliknande substanser, androstenon och skatol som binds in i fettvävnaden och ger ett lukt och smakfel på köttet som kallas för ornelukt. Det är därför grisen kastreras. Den metod som används idag är en obedövad kastration.Vi har beaktat de alternativa metoderna och kartlagt vilka som kan fungera praktiskt och även studerat dem ur en etisk synvinkel.

In 2012, about 1.3 million boars were surgically castrated, most of them without anaesthesia. Castration is performed to avoid the occurrence of boar taint and aggressive and sexual behaviour. There is a growing concern about the welfare of the piglets and the Swedish Board of Agriculture is working to find efficient and functional alternatives to castration without anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to obtain an overall picture of the latest research about the alternatives to castration without anaesthesia, with focus on vaccination against boar taint, and how they affect the welfare of the pigs. The alternative methods that are available today are surgical castration with anaesthesia and/or analgesia, rearing entire males and vaccination against boar taint.

Immunisering mot gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) har visat sig vara effektivt mot att hämma galtlukt på griskött och oönskat aggressivt beteende bland hangrisar. I ett samhälle där vi sätter allt högre krav på våra produktionsdjurs välfärd är efterfrågan på metoder som inte innebär smärta eller lidande för djuren stor. Det finns dessutom positiva produktionsrelaterade effekter med immunoKastrering gentemot klassisk kirurgisk Kastrering, såsom ökad tillväxtpotential. Faktorer som dessa talar för immunoKastrering, men samtidigt finns många svårigheter med att vaccinera mot något kroppseget och således bryta kroppens tolernas mot självt. Den här litteraturstudien behandlar svårigheterna med att rikta ett vaccin mot ett endogent hormon, vad som har lett fram till dagens upptäckter och de eventuella problem som kan uppstå i framtiden.

Castration of dogs holds many reasons and opinions, therefore methods, traditions and rea-sons vary. The approaches have during time changed from mostly surgical castrations to also including hormonal treatments. Castration is used to control the dog's reproductive abilities, for medical reasons and to possibly rectify problems of behavioral nature. How common a particular method of castration is in a country is highly dependent on the country's traditions. In Sweden it is most common with castration for medical reasons, such as possible elimina-tion of diseases, for example, benign colorectal tumors.

Working as a veterinary nurse includes advising animal owners, helping them to make discisions through well-based facts and experience. Preemptive spaying of the healthy bitch brings many advantages and disadvantages. It leads to cessation of gonadal hormone production, and how the exact extent the surgery affects the dog is not yet fully understood. The sex hormones mainly control the reproductive system, but receptors of these hormones are found in many tissues of the body, and have complex relationships with other hormone systems. Spaying decreases the metabolism although the bitch gets an increased appetite, which enhance the risk of obesity, unless the owner restricts food intake.

This student report is about neutering male and female cats and compares early ageneutering to neutering at the traditional age of 6 months.The main focus in this report is early age neutering, which means that neutering isperformed when the kittens are between 6 and 16 weeks of age. This technique has beenused by shelters in the United States for a long time, to prevent the adopted cats fromreproduce and contribute to the problem of overpopulation.Two different surgical methods are also addressed; the ventral midline incision and thelateral flank approach. Ovariohysterectomy and ovariectomy are also compared.I also address which drugs are preferable when kittens are neutered and some importantguidelines where you have to be extra careful when dealing with kittens.These guidelines are the preanesthetic evaluation, calculating drug dosages and preventinghypothermia, hypoglycaemia and stress.The report also has a summary of the concerns regarding early age neutering such asanaesthetic risks, growth disorders and growth plate fractures, urologic diseases andimmune system dysfunction, obesity, altered metabolism and behavioural changes.The sex hormones and how they change after neutering is also included.At the end of the report there is a compilation of a questionnaire that consists of eightquestions that I sent out to various animal hospitals and veterinary clinics in Sweden..

Studien jämför tre grupper av farmakologiska preparat som kan åstadkomma kontroll av östrus hos honkatt, progestiner, GnRH-agonister och melatonin. Progestiner är hormoner som verkar kontraceptivt genom att ge negativ feedback på både hypofysen och hypotalamus. Vid behandling med progestiner minskar östrogen- och progesteronnivåer. GnRH-agonister liknar det naturliga hormonet GnRH. Ständiga GnRH-påslag desensibiliserar hypofysen och GnRH-receptorerna nedregleras vilket leder till att det endogena GnRH blir verkningslöst, och varken LH eller FSH kan frisättas. Melatonin är ett naturligt hormon som påverkar dygns- och årsrytmen. Vid kontiuerligt melatoninpåslag luras det endokrina systemet in i en årstidsbunden anöstrus. Efter en kort bakgrund om vikten av en effektiv, reversibel östrushämning och en översikt av honkattens reproduktion redovisas fakta om de tre farmakologiska substanserna. Aspekter som tas i beaktande är främst användarvänlighet och biverkningar.

Pigs kept for meatproduction are often surgically castrated to prevent aggression and boartainted meat. Castration without analgesia and anesthesia is painful and causes a lot of stress to the pig. There are alternatives such as to surgically castrate the male pigs with analgesia and/or with anesthesia, immunocastrate or keep them as intact males. In Sweden the most common practice is to surgically castrate the pigs before they are seven days old. The impact on the pig is that the incision causes pain and stress, which may lead to changes in behaviour, reduced appetite, reduced growth and a higher risk of infections.

Active immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is an alternative to surgical castration of male pigs to avoid boar taint. The aim of this study, including 128 pigs, was to evaluate the effect of a GnRH-vaccine Improvac® on performance and on social and sexual behaviour. Male pigs were assigned to three treatments; surgical castration at four days of age, immunization against GnRH and no castration. Vaccination was performed eight and four weeks before slaughter. Surgically castrated male pigs had significantly lower daily weight gain during the suckling period than entire male pigs (235 vs.

Skatol och androstenon är två ämnen som lagras i fett hos okastrerade hangrisar. Dessa orsakar en obehaglig odör, galtlukt, när köttet från grisarna hettas upp. I Sverige kastreras därför alla smågaltar några dagar efter födseln. Detta sker rutinmässigt utan bedövning, vilket innebär lidande för ett stort antal djur. Ett alternativ till kastration av kultingarna är att sortera bort slaktkroppar med mycket lukt.

BACKGROUND Until 1988, it was forbidden to neuter male dogs in Sweden without a veterinary medical cause, so there is clearly no long tradition of this procedure in healthy dogs. According to the website of The Swedish Kennel Club (SKK), February 11, 2011, there has been an increase of castrated male dogs in Sweden. They see this increase as worrying, especially in cases of the less common breeds, where it is most important to maintain the gene pool. The SKK expresses concern that castration is used as a tool to influence the personality of dogs, instead of training and education of the dog. They write that castration should be preceded by a discussion initiated by the veterinarian, where the pros and cons of castration are weighed against each other.