The purpose of this paper is to identify the current status of Fuel cell technology and to establish whether said technology is mature enough to be implemented into the Swedish Armed Forces. The question to be answered in this paper is as follows: Can hydrogen gas and Fuel cells be used as an alternative source of energy within the Swedish Armed Forces?This paper is based on theoretical studies and reports from prior research done on Fuel cells. By studying these facts a predictive answer has been obtained. The answer I have come to, is that the maturity of Fuel cell technology is currently inadequate for the Swedish Armed Forces to implement, especially considering its harsh working conditions..

The project focus on combustion of softwood pellets and pellets in a 40 kW grate fire reactor at TEC-Lab. Dept Applied Physics and Electronics at Umeå University. Experiments were performed at four primary airs to Fuel ratios (0.7 to 1.3), where aspects such as temperature profile, levels of gases (CO and NO), sintering-/-slagging and unburned fraction of the ashes were studied. Four different Fuel loads were used for wood pellets (10, 20 and 30 kW) and one Fuel load for straw (10 kW). Combustion of straw proved very difficult to ignite, and also led to other combustion-related technical problem such as slag formation due to the relatively low melting temperature-/-slag temperature of the straw.

In published studies it is found that the Fuel consumption on a forwarder is relatively constant, on time basis. A certain variation between different sizes of forwarders occurs as well as between different working elements. The aim of the study was to establish a forwarders comparatively Fuel consumption when driving on road and in the terrain, loaded and unloaded, with high and low gear and with high and low speed as well as with hydrostatic and hydrodynamic transmission. A hypothesis was that low rpm gives lower Fuel consumption on distance basic, at all trials. The test driving was made with a Hemek 750 which is a three geared hydrostatic machine and with a Hemek 700 which is a hydrodynamic machine with six gears.

This report is a thesis work for a B.Sc. in Forestry exam at the School for Forest Engineers, SLU. The aim of the work was to compare Fuel consumption during work in practical field conditions with a standardized method developed by Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), (Brunberg, 2005) for harvesters and forwarders from different manufacturers and of different sizes in order to promote the development of more Fuel efficient machines. Two studies were carried out. - Statistics of Fuel consumption were collected. - An inquiry was sent out in order to get more detailed information of different aspects influencing the Fuel consumption. The studied machines were divided into two classes, large machines (> 150 kW), and average size machines (100 ? 150 kW), and of the manufacturer Timberjack and Valmet. Our results shows a 15 % lower Fuel consumption for average size harvesters and an 8 % higher Fuel consumption for large harvesters compared with Skogforsks model.

  During the 2000s, the ship owners have become more and more concerned thattheir ships save Fuel. Several projects have been undertaken to exploit the resourcesavailable on board today?s vessels to reduce Fuel consumption. As a stepin this the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) today offera Weather Routing service to ships. By planning your route more effectivelymuch Fuel can be saved.This thesis has been about developing a Fuel prediction program (FPP) forhow much Fuel a ship consumes in different sea conditions.

This final thesis is initiated by the wood Fuel department at the Swedish forest company Sveaskog as part of a project which also involves two other final thesises. The overall goal of the project is to investigate Sveaskog´s possibilities to produce and sell different wood Fuel assortments in Västerbotten and the southern parts of Norrland. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how much wood Fuel Sveaskog can produce in the area during the next five years and what that would cost. Furthermore the thesis will investigate the total possible supply of wood Fuel from all other possible producers in the area. Treated assortments are forest residues from final fellings, whole trees from direct wood Fuel thinnings, non industrial wood and industrial by-products from sawmills. The main effort to investigate Sveaskog´s production possibilities has been made to calculate the possible annual amount of forest residues and Fuel from wood Fuel thinnings that can be produced.

Several technical solutions are ready to step forward as the new generation of propellant, and this report aims to explore the possibility of commercializing Fuel cell cars. The report is based on current research and data from today's technology and engineering solutions that are estimated to be commercially realized before 2020.A mapping of today?s different Fuel cell options has shown that the most suitable Fuel cell option is the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, which uses hydrogen as Fuel. The report is focusing on a techno-economic well-to-wheel analysis of hydrogen and the energy balance and costs in a system perspective. The basis for this analysis consists of two centralized methods of production, steam methane reforming (SMR), and alkaline water electrolysis.

Ethanol Fuel is a bioFuel, which been widely reported in the public debate and on the Fuel market the last years. Ethanol is sold as both E85 and as a five percent admixture of all petrol sold in Sweden. Research studies on ethanol Fuel often focus on environmental issues surrounding the production and utilization of ethanol as a Fuel, and omits the private and business aspects of the subject. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the economics of ethanol as a Fuel. How the Swedish market for ethanol is and how it evolved over time and what the future prospects are.

Stands where pre commercial thinning has been ignored or inadequate often tend to have high stem density and low average diameter when they reach heights of thinning. In such stands, it can often be expensive to do a conventional pulpwood harvest as a first thinning. This study investigates the development of the stands and the economic outcome of forest Fuel extraction, or a combined harvest as alternatives to the ordinary pulpwood harvest. Simulations in Heureka StandWise were performed for two thin and dense stands, which were constructed by data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. The simulations show that the extraction of forest Fuel in first thinning at an early stage can provide higher net revenue compared to conventional pulpwood harvest at the same time or later.

In the world we live in today the environmental issues has become increasingly important, and we have begun to realize that we can not continue to use fossil Fuels at the rate we do. When it comes to generating electricity we are constantly trying to come up with cleaner and more efficient solutions. The Fuel celltechnology is one such alternative and has been around for over 100 years. Yet, it is not until now that the world has started to notice this great technology. The Fuel cell has been developed in several areas and can today be used for handheld electronics, vehicles and small settlements.

A new build in the Swedish nuclear power system would entail increased re-quirements for the proposed repository, which is adapted after the reactors of today. With a fast reactor, capable of burning nuclear waste, operating in parallel with the light water reactors, the increased requirements on the repository could be reduced.In this thesis, simulations of a light water reactor and a fast reactor have been performed by using the Monte Carlo code Serpent to investigate the changes in the Fuel inventory. The light water reactor in the study is a boiling water reactor and the fast reactor of the type sodium-cooled fast reactor and they have been used for three different operation scenarios.By studying the Fuel composition and the results from the simulations of the three scenarios conclusions can be drawn. Conclusions regarding the change of the Fuel inventory and decay heat in Clab as well as the interim storage facility and in the repository. Depending on the operation alternative the changes dif-fered significantly and especially regarding the mass of burned actinides for different Fuels in the fast reactor.The lowest increase of Fuel assemblies was meet when using 50 years old Fuel with 20MWd/kg U burnout and 2,0 % enrichment for start up of the fast reactor and 30 years old Fuel assemblies with 50MWd/kg U burnout and 4,7 % enrichment for the further operation of the reactor.The increase of the number of Fuel assemblies was 3174, which is equivalent to 641tons of heavy metal.

Research on Stone Age hunters and gatherers in Norrland has been lively since the 1960s. Central to this research are questions about the organization of society, sedentariness, continuity and resource management. One central part of life in the taiga is the need for fire and Fuel. This aspect has been little discussed in conjunction with the mentioned research questions. My goal is to show that the matter of fire and Fuel is an important one that needs to be taken in to consideration when discussing Stone Age Norrland and hunter/gatherers.

 With the increases in Fuel costs due to the depletion of the world oil reserves and the increase of greenhouse gasses as a consequence to using oil as a Fuel many companies are looking to new and innovative ways to power their aircraft. One of these new ways to power an aircraft is using Fuel cells powered using hydrogen and oxygen, thus producing nothing but water vapour and small amounts of nitrogen dioxide as well as trace amounts of other emissions. Both Boeing (1) and Politecnico di Torino (2) have shown that it is possible to build an all-electric aircraft powered by Fuel cells. Both flights used small, two-seater aircraft and a constant between them was the loss of the co-pilot seat due to weight and lack of space. As this paper will deal with a commercial aircraft a primary concern is the cargo and passenger capacity and whatever impact switching propulsion system has on these.

Dimensional stability is an important aspect of Fuel mechanical design and licensing of new Fuel designs for nuclear power plants. Dimensional changes within the reactor can affect the safety margins against overheating of the cladding and the pellets, therefore it is crucial that the dimensional changes are kept to a minimum.The profits per produced kiloWatt hour continue to decrease for the Swedish nuclear power plants. Some reactors are even operated with a calculated loss. To reduce Fuel costs and thereby improve the profit some reactors are operated with higher uranium enrichment, so that the assemblies can reach a higher average burnup. This increases the neutron fluence to the pellets, cladding an spacers.

The use of bio Fuel is increasing every year. Nowadays you will find different alternatives to oil and electricity heating system. In this essay I have examined what the economic conditions are to invest in a bio Fuel furnace. I have chosen to assume from a specific farm and do a case study on this farm. Malmvik farm is located just outside of Stockholm.