The demand for biogas as vehicle Fuel has risen sharply and there is a great need for increased production. A possible addition of vehicle gas can be produced by upgrading landfill gas which is formed by degradation of organic waste. This thesis investigates the potential of producing vehicle Fuel from landfill gas in the region of Biogas Öst.In 2008, an amount of 32 million Nm3 landfill gas was extracted in the region. This level can be maintained for another ten years if the efficiency of gas extraction is improved. The annual production will decrease with time since landfills aren?t allowed to receive more organic waste.

New energy resources that can replace petroleum diesel are needed and biodiesel may be an excellent substitute. During storage and use, biodiesel can oxidize and form peroxides, leading to degradation of the Fuel. It is therefore important to determine the peroxide content of the Fuel. In this thesis the triphenylphosphine method, which involves GC-MS analysis has been compared to the standard iodometric method which involves titration with sodium thiosulfate. Working standards were made to see how well the iodometric method worked and also in order to make a calibration curve in GC-MS.

This study has analyzed particel size distribution and needle content in chipped logging residuals (branches and tops) delivered to the district heating plant Ryaverket in city of Borås, Sweden. Two Fuel assortments has been analyzed: Chipped logging residuals from pure softwood and from mixed Fuel (connifers and broadleaves). The samples has been sieved at Linneaus University laboratory.The study of particle sizes indicates that only 53,2 % of delivered Fuel is within the Fuels specification (7? 45 mm). The needle content is in this study 12,4 % (dry mass) which is higher than expected..

Mathematical models possible to simulate are of great importance in order to make successful projects in the aircraft manufacturing industry. An aircraft Fuel system is very complex, containing pipes, tanks, orifices, valves and pumps. The principal of this thesis is using the tool Easy5, which no longer is considered reliable enough in terms of development and support. This thesis tries to evaluate the Modelica language as a possible alternative to Easy5. To make this evaluation, the components concerned in the Fuel library in Easy5 are implemented to the Modelica language.

There are several energy systems in the Swedish society and to ensure the comfort and health of the citizens it is of importance that the different energy systems are functioning properly. District heating is one of these energy systems and many household depend only on district heating to warm up their homes. District heating is dependent on several processes where every step needs to function in order to deliver the produced heat to the end consumer. Previous studies have investigated the distribution of district heating and how to make customers choose district heating as their heating method. The supply of Fuel to the district heating plant has not been studied as much, even though it is an important part of the whole system. This thesis is a part of the project NORD-STAR (Nordic Strategic Adaption Research), which has focused on climate adaption in the Nordic countries.

The aim of this study is two folded. We wish to investigate if there is a value premium from hedging jet Fuel exposure for American and European airlines. We also seek to answer if airlines can affect their probability to default by using Risk Management. During the period 2003 ? 2006 there existed a value premium for airlines that hedged their expected future consumption of jet Fuel.

The purpose of this study is to compare the economic differences between withdraw of forest Fuel and withdraw of pulpwood in first thinning, to see which method gives the maximum profitability (income - cost). Another purpose is to investigate the economic impact of the thicket cleaning. The study compares four different methods: i) pulpwood output with thicket cleaning, ii) pulpwood output without thicket cleaning, iii) forest Fuel output with thicket cleaning and iv) forest Fuel output without thicket cleaning. The study was conducted in a 30-years old stand, dominated by spruce, outside Harg in Uppland. The method that generated the best economic net income was pulpwood without thicket cleaning. It generated a positive net of 1,383 SEK per hectare. Forest Fuel output without thicket cleaning also generated a positive net in 720 kronor per hectare.

Vehicle simulators are becoming more common in vehicle industries. Company earns lot of money on simulations instead of real tests. Real tests are necessary but not made so extensively as before.In this thesis the building of an vehice simulator will be described and a comparison between three different cruise controls. The three cruise controls are PI-regulator, a regulator who regulates after positions in the terrain and a MPC-regulator. The reason for choosing this three is to see the difference between simple regulation and more complex regulation with respect to Fuel consumption, travel time and complexity.The vehicle simulator is made in Matlab/Simulink, Visual Studio and Open Scene Graph.

A Monte Carlo simulation of the ELECTRA reactor using (U,Zr)N Fuel and a liquid lithium coolant is performed using the Serpent simulation code. The results show a reactor with a total reactivity coefficient of the coolant, Fuel and material expansion that is strongly negative. These properties make the ELECTRA reactor a good candidate for a safe space reactor that could be used for propulsion of manned and unmanned space vehicles to Mars and other parts of our solar system..

This report was written by Sofia Ericson and describes the degree thesis with the title: ?Connections between the growing site of bio Fuel, the chemical composition of bio Fuel ash and the deposit growth in a bio Fuel fired boiler.? The purpose of this degree thesis was to avoid melted deposit growth in the bio Fuel fired boiler at ENA Kraft in Enköping. Potassium and sodium are known to lower the melting point of bio Fuel ashes and are therefore not wanted in the trees in higher amounts than necessary for the growth. Silicon is also known to be important for the deposit growth but it is not possible to say in general if higher or lower contents of silicon is better. The relation between silicon and other chemical substances is more important than the total amount of silicon.

At SIA TallOil's pellets factory in Latvia wood shavings and saw dust are dried with flue gases from a gas burner. TallOil wants to replace the gas with a bioFuel that is available at the pellet plant. The reason for this is the unstable gas market in Europe in combination with the fact that TallOil wants to improve its profile as supplier of renewable bio Fuels. In this project the technical and economical possibilities for a Fuel conversion to ether bark powder, wood shavings or wood powder have been investigated. These Fuels should be burned in one of the following applications: TPS BioSwirl, VTS MultiFuel burner or Saxlunds bio Fuel combustion plant Due to the fact that the Fuel alternatives available are relatively common except for bark powder, the work has mainly been focused on bark powder.

A third party access to district heating networks has been proposed in Sweden, to increase the competition on the district heating market. Such third party access could create opportunities for the agricultural sector as an energy producer. This study describes the technical, economical and environmental prerequisites for a farmer cluster to build and run a heating plant, Fueled with local wood Fuel. The heating plant in the described scenario is 8 MW and will supply a village of 1000 houses, and is Fueled with wood chips exclusively. Supplying a heating plant with Fuel puts high demands on the logistics, since there need to be a continuous flow of Fuel. In the scenario, wood residues from felling and thinning is stored in stacks in the forest, and a few times a year chipped and transported to a storage area at the heating plant. In the study, an estimation of the profitability has been made by estimating the cost of the investment, personnel, operating and maintenance costs and costs for the Fuel and ash handling.

Stump biomass is energy rich and stump harvesting for use as Fuel become more and more interesting in Sweden. Swedish Forest Agency (2009) has estimated that stump harvesting in Sweden would respond to an annual energy supply of 57 TWh/year. However, stump has not been recognized as a bioenergy resource in Sweden. Suitable methods for pre-treatment of stump are probably of great importance to make it accepted as Fuel. It is therefore rewarding to carry out an investigation in this area for stump. This report represents results from a diploma project, which was aimed to develop a fixed bed reactor for experimental study of biomass torrefaction, followed by TG analysis and kinetic modelling employing Ozawa method and different kinetic models including one-step and three-pseudo-component models.

This project examined the possibility to create an electronical aid with the purpose of increasing environmental awareness and to design the aid in a fashion that inspires other to develop similar applications. The impact of car traffic was examined, and the base of the aid was built up in modular form to simplify the hardware aspect. For the active, data processing part of the aid the Arduino platform was chosen because of its simplicity and big possibilities of help in different internet fora, for those who choose to create similar applications in the future. The main part of the project var the use of real-time information from the car?s on board diagnostics.

The aim of this report is to give a picture of how attitudes and behaviours of owners of environment cars look like and how they can be influenced. The alignment lies on environmental cars which run on biogas and ethanol which both are renewable Fuels. The starting point is to sort out if it is environmental thinking that controls the choice and use of an environmental car. The feeling is that there are many other factors that can be more controlling, for example the price and the quality of the car. The result of the questionnaire survey which is the foundation of the report shows however that those who buy an environmental car do it mostly because of environmental reasons.