Fusarium head blight is a large problem world wide which reduces the yields and the quality of small grains. Shrunken kernels with decreased thousand kernel weight as an effect and pro-duction of mycoToxins are some of the problems caused by infection of Fusarium spp. To avoid Toxin contaminated bulks to enter the food and feed chain it is important to have tools for prediction and analysis of the fungi and Toxins. Good prediction methods are also impor-tant in the breeding industry since early identification in trials of lines with high resistance or susceptibility simplify the work. To compare different techniques for these objectives this project was initiated.

Fusarium head blight is a large problem world wide which reduces the yields and the quality of small grains. Shrunken kernels with decreased thousand kernel weight as an effect and pro-duction of mycoToxins are some of the problems caused by infection of Fusarium spp. To avoid Toxin contaminated bulks to enter the food and feed chain it is important to have tools for prediction and analysis of the fungi and Toxins. Good prediction methods are also impor-tant in the breeding industry since early identification in trials of lines with high resistance or susceptibility simplify the work. To compare different techniques for these objectives this project was initiated.

Virulent strains of Staphylococcus hyicus produce exfoliative Toxins and cause a potentially fatal skin disease in piglets known as exudative epidermitis. Vaccines and antimicrobials are used to control the disease. Antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of several different Toxin genes and toxigenic strains make it problematic. The aim of this literature study was to identify potential differences between countries and between healthy and diseased pigs regarding antimicrobial resistance and Toxin-producing strains. Great differences could influence vaccine production, treatment strategies and surveillance programs.

Virulent strains of Staphylococcus hyicus produce exfoliative Toxins and cause a potentially fatal skin disease in piglets known as exudative epidermitis. Vaccines and antimicrobials are used to control the disease. Antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of several different Toxin genes and toxigenic strains make it problematic. The aim of this literature study was to identify potential differences between countries and between healthy and diseased pigs regarding antimicrobial resistance and Toxin-producing strains. Great differences could influence vaccine production, treatment strategies and surveillance programs.

The guinea pig is an important meat-producing animal in Peru as well as in several other South American countries. They are held in different kinds of systems, from the small backyard breeders with few animals to the large commercial farms with thousands of guinea pigs. One of the major issues at the farms is animals dying of unknown causes. Salmonellosis is often considered as a major cause, but samples for confirmation are rarely taken. It has been known for a long time that Clostridium difficile (C.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeutiska interventioner till barn med cerebral pares i samband med Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A). Urvalet bestod av åtta arbetsterapeuter som arbetade på olika barnhabiliteringskliniker i Sverige. Arbetsterapeuterna intervjuades utifrån en intervjuguide innehållande bakgrundsinformation samt öppna frågeställningar. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet presenterades med hjälp av tre teman som beskrev de arbetsterapeutiska interventionerna.

SammanfattningMykoToxiner är sekundära metaboliter som kan bildas av vissa mögelsvampar. Idisslare har generellt ett högre skydd mot mykoToxiner än vad enkelmagade djur har då våmmens mikroorganismer kan fungera som ett extra skydd mot mykotoxikos. Trichotecenerna deoxynivalenol och T-2 Toxin bryts ner till de-epoxymetaboliter i våmmen genom att dess toxiska epoxyring spjälkas bort. Deoxynivalenol metaboliseras helt eller delvis av våmmens mikroorganismer, medan T-2 Toxinets nedbrytningskapacitet inte är lika hög. AflaToxin B1 har en låg nedbrytbarhet, och inga metaboliter har kunnat detekteras i våmmen.

Färdigsallader är en produktgrupp som blir allt mer populär. Dessvärre har det på senare år förekommit ett antal utbrott där människor har smittats av tarmbakterier som Salmonella och veroToxinproducerande Escherichia coli i olika ouppvärmda produkter som till exempel böngroddar från Tyskland. I denna litteraturstudie undersöks vilka patotyper av E. coli och Salmonella som kan infektera människor och hur detta kan gå till. Det ges förslag för att minska smittspridningen. Särskilt fokus ges E.

Tolerance and resistance are two different defence mechanisms within the immune system that differ from each other in many ways: However it is not clear which of the two is the most advantageous in dairy production. Resistance is described as the ability to fight a pathogen in a host. Tolerance is, on the other hand, not aggressive to the pathogen per se, but rather protects the host and its tissues. Furthermore tolerance rather offsets the Toxin from, for example, a parasite whilst resistance offsets the parasite itself. Resistance is however disease specific, which means breeding for a large number of diseases is needed in order to make resistance worth the cost for the host.

Pyodermi är en hudsjukdom hos hundar som orsakas av Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), tidigare benämdes den S. intermedius. Pyodermi kan ge många olika symptom såsom klåda, håravfall, rodnad, varigt och blodigt exsudat, papler, pustler, sårskorpor och nekrotiserad hud. Ofta finns det bakomliggande orsaker och sjukdomar hos hunden som tillåter stafylokockerna att kolonisera huden. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius är en Grampositiv kock, den är koagulas-, DNas-, katalas- och ureaspositiv och ger dubbelhemolys på blodagar. Patogenesen vid pyodermi är ännu inte helt kartlagd.

InledningVid Unitech Biopharma, Matfors (Sverige) sker tillverkning av rekombinant Kolera Toxinsubenhet B (rCTB-213), vilket är en av de aktiva substanserna i vaccinet Dukoral®.Unitech Biopharma AB är ett bioteknikföretag fokuserade på legotillverkning avrekombinanta proteiner och tillverkar rCTB för SBL Vaccin AB Solna, (Sverige).Anläggningen där tillverkningen av denna produkt sker har alla nödvändiga tillstånd(Läkemedelsverket, Länsstyrelsen, Arbetsmiljöverket) och uppfyller gällande cGMP-kravsamt är godkänd av läkemedelsmyndigheterna i EU och Kanada, WHO samt i ytterligare ca35 andra länder.Dukoral® är ett drickbart vaccin som stimulerar immunförsvaret i tarmen och skapar ett braskydd mot sjukdomen kolera. Vaccinet ger även skydd mot enteroToxinbildande stammar avEscherichia coli (ETEC) vars värmekänsliga Toxin (LT) delvis liknar koleraToxinet bådestrukturellt, funktionellt och immunologiskt[34]. Vaccinet består förutom rCTB av tre olikastammar inaktiverade Vibrio Cholerae bakterier, vilka produceras vid SBL-vaccin AB, däräven slutformulering av vaccinet sker.Tillverkningsprocessen av Monovalent bulk rCTB-213 sker genom mikrobiell fermenteringav en genetiskt modifierad produktionsstam av Vibrio Cholerae, där huvudodlingssteget sker i500 liters skala där hela tillvekningsprocessen sker under Good Manifacturing Practise (GMP)förhållanden för att garantera en säker, effektiv och kvalitetsmässigt bra produkt.Målet med detta examensarbete är att upprätta en processbeskrivning förtillverkningsprocessen av Monovalent bulk rCTB-213. Beskrivningen skall baseras på denprocess som görs idag och innefatta respektive processtegs mål, teori och kritiska parametrar.Den kunskap som skapas genom att definiera och kartlägga (dvs. dokumentera arbetsflödet) ien process har ett stort värde i sig, den är dessutom en utomordentlig plattform förförbättringsarbete genom att den skapar en gemensam bild av vad som sker i processen i dag.I detta examensarbete sker även en sammanställning av produktionen av Monovalent bulkrCTB-213 för perioden februari 2004 - juni 2005.Fakta om hur processen tidigare har betett sig måste användas som bas förförbättringsarbete[1].För att se om eventuell förekomst av variation för enskilda variabler kan urskiljas, utvärderasprocessdata för variabler som dokumenterats av företaget för batcher tillverkade underperioden februrari 2004 tom.

Botulism is a serious disease with high mortality that can affect horses. Due to this about 20-30 percent of the horses in Sweden are vaccinated against botulism. The purpose of this study was to see how common botulism is in the Swedish horse population and to se if a connection between feeding with haylage and botulism could be seen. In addition to this, the study aimed to find how common vaccination against botulism is among Swedish horses and on what grounds the diagnosis botulism is made. Medical records of horses being diagnosed with botulism at all the major large animal hospitals in Sweden between 1995-2005 were searched. In addition to this the database where general practitioners report their cases as well as the cases with botulism reported to the insurance companies were included. The results of this study show that only 0,03 percent of the Swedish horse population has been diagnosed with botulism during the time period this study covers. In all the cases included in this study the diagnosis was made based on clinical signs and in none of the cases verification by isolating the Toxin was possible. In all cases where forage is noted in the journals the horse has been feed haylage which indicate that there is a connection between the use of haylage and botulism. Three horses died despite being partially vaccinated against botulism type B which indicate that a correct vaccination has to be done before the horse get any protection or that the correct diagnosis was not botulism type B..

The aim of the study is to explore the meaning of living with urinary incontinence caused by Spina Bifida, self-esteem, psychological well-beeing and expectations on treatment of urinary incontinence in 10 children and adolescents, 9-20 years old, as well as their parents perspective. The study was conducted through semi-structured interviewes as well as self-reports about self-esteem ("I think I am"; Ouvinen-Birgerstam, 1999) and psychological well-beeing (Beck Ungdomsskalor; Beck, Beck & Jolly, 2004). To examine the parents insight in their childrens situation and well-beeing parents proxy-reports was compared to their childrens self-reports. The results showed that psychological well-beeing and self-esteem of the children and adolescents in this study was comparable to normgroups, but that there was big individual differences. The parents proxy-reports are comparable to their childrens self-reports, but vary depending on the domain beeing estimated.

Staphylococcus aureus är både den vanligaste mastitorsakande bakterien hos svenska mjölkkor och den bakterie som orsakar flest matförgiftningsutbrott hos människa världen över. Utveckling av tekniker som möjliggör subtypning och genkaraktärisering av S. aureus-isolat har möjliggjort stora framsteg inom S. aureus-epidemiologin på senare år. I Sverige är det mycket vanligt att kalvar utfodras med mjölk som kan innehålla S.

Various Fusarium species causes some of the most common cereal diseases worldwide. Besides the yield losses that can be a result of these diseases, strains from several Fusarium species can produce mycoToxins, some very toxic. The aim of this study was to investigate which Fusarium species and how many that occurred in winter wheat grains from Mälardalen and Kalmar län, if there was any difference in the distribution of Fusarium fungi between the regions and the potential within species to produce mycoToxins belonging to the group trichothecenes. Winter wheat grains collected in 2009 from ten fields (unsprayed plots) in the two regions were analysed for Fusarium species. PCR was used to amplify the TEF region where after the samples were sequenced.