Hard-to-heal ulcers are resource intensive due to the fact that they are difficult to treat and especially vulnerable to bacterial invasion. The bacterial culture contaminating these wounds often consist of several different bacterial organisms that originate from endogenous sources. Necrotic material in ischemic ulcers provide nutrition which support bacterial reproduction, increasing the risk of infection. Determining causative pathogen in infected ulcers proves to be difficult when culturing swab samples, however Staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococci generally act as primary pathogens.    The aim of the study was to investigate if the detection rate increased for S. aureus and hemolytic streptococci when culturing swab samples from ulcers on Columbia CNA; a media selective for gram-positive bacteria.

Organic material used for biogas production can also undergo other treatments. The emissions and impact from the different treatments are evaluated in this environmental assessment, with a focus on energy and climate. The materials included in the study are organic household waste, slaughterhouse waste and liquid manure. Other than biogas production, the possible treatments for organic household waste and slaughterhouse waste are incineration and composting, and for liquid manure storing and spreading. The analysis is based on data and information from current and relevant literature, and relates to the conditions in the Swedish energy system.

Den här rapporten beskriver malmbildande processer och Bergslagens malmgeologi. En beskrivning av malmmikroskopet ges tillsammans med identifikationskriterier för de mineral som påträffats i en mikroskopisk studie som gjorts på fyra stuffer från Dammen nära Dannemora, inkluderande vanliga och påträffade malmtexturer. Två av proverna analyserades med mikrosond..

The global climate change affects the Arctic region the most. The decrease in arcticsea ice is one of the reasons why, it accelerates the warm-up of the region.To understand the changes in the Arctic climate, knowledge about what affects thechanges in the sea ice is necessary. One of these processes could be the relationbetween the extent of the sea ice and the concentration of sea salt aerosols in thearea.This work studies how a variation in the arctic sea ice extent affects theconcentration of sea salt aerosols at Barrow, Alaska. To do this aerosoldata, icedataand winddata has been analyzed over the years 1998-2007. The results shows that aseasonally variation in the sea ice extent affects large aerosols (1-10 ?m) whilesmaller aerosols (<1 ?m) doesn?t seem to be affected as much..

Avloppsslam är en restprodukt som skapas vid rening av avloppsvatten och består mest av organiskt material. Slammet är mycket näringsrikt men innehåller ofta höga halter av olika föroreningar som tungmetaller, läkemedelsrester etc. Stockholm Vatten AB är certifierade enligt REVAQ för att kunna använda avloppsslam som gödningsmedel på åkermarker. För att slammet fortsättningsvis ska genomgå certifiering måste föroreningshalterna minska. Silver är en av de metaller som avskiljs från avloppsvattnet till slammet och har en hög ackumuleringshastighet i mark.

Samtidigt som svensk forskning visar att individer med utländsk bakgrund blir utsatta för diskriminering och stigmatisering så väljer allt fler ungdomar ur denna grupp att högskoleutbilda sig och visar en benägenhet att välja elitutbildningar. I denna uppsats undersöks om det finns ett samband mellan vetskapen om, eller erfarenheter av, diskriminering och elitutbildningsval. Den metod som används är semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fem kvinnliga och fem manliga juriststudenter med ursprung i Mellanöstern. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna är sociologen Erving Goffmans teori om stigma, sociologen Michèle Lamonts teori om destigmatisering och socialfilosofen Axel Honneths teori om erkännande. Resultatet visar att juriststudenternas föräldrars erfarenheter av diskriminering och egna erfarenheter av exkludering har lett till en hög studieprestation där elitutbildningsvalet kan ses som en anti-diskrimineringsstrategi.

Atlas Copco Tools develops and manufactures handheld industrial tools. Heat and surface treatments are used to provide the tools with certain properties. There are no routines for the choice of treatment or for how to specify treatment on drawings. Production documents that are sent for production abroad may not be clear enough. Some treatments are known as trademarks and there are no instructions for how to specify these on drawings and in CAD-models.The purpose of this master thesis work is to create recommendations for the procedure of choosing heat and surface treatment.

The purpose with this essay is to take part of the process when a family is placed on the family-institution, Trollbacken. We want to know what makes the social welfare secretaries place a family in institutional care. Has Trollbacken lived up to the social welfare secretary expectations and are the social welfare secretaries following Trollbackens recommendation regarding the follow up treatment. We also want to know to what value the social welfare secretary assigns Trollbackens investigation and are they able to see changes in the family due to the placing on Trollbacken. The method is qualitative and is based on interviews from six social welfare secretaries that work around and in West Sweden.

In studies of serum, in the early 1930s, from patients with pneumonia, a factor was found. It could agglutinate certain pneumococcal species. This factor, which later became known as C-reactive protein (CRP), increased sharply during the early and middle stages of the disease. CRP was identified as an acute phase protein and found especially in bacterial infections. CRP is synthesized in the liver by stimulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is produced by the monocytes, and consists of five non-covalently bound subunits.The aim of this study was to compare two different analytical instruments (Vitros 5.1 FS Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics and QuikRead CRP Orion Diagnostica) for CRP analysis.

Prey species make behavioral decisions to reduce the perceived risk of predation and the time spent vulnerable to predation. Behavioral responses to predators are for example selection of specific habitat types and the presence of predators influence individual vigilance. Furthermore, there is a variation in feeding niches with different herbivores focusing their foraging effort on different vegetation types which is also expected to affect the choice of habitat. Behavioral data on anti-predation and foraging behavior at on waterhole is collected from Thomson?s and Grant?s gazelles at Ol Pejeta Conservancy (0°00?N, 36°56?E) located in semiarid bushed grassland in Laikipia district of central Kenya.

This essay aims to explore the possibilities for elderly in nursing homes in Örebro municipality toreceive other treatments besides medication in case of depression or anxiety. Issues associated withthe object in this paper and which are discussed are prevalence of drug usage, opportunities forelderlies to receive other treatments, prevalence of other treatments and the elderlies own power orinfluence over the choice of treatment. The survey has been conducted with questionnaires sent outby post to nurses at every nursing home for elderly in Örebro municipality. The results showed thatdrugs are used extensively when treating depression or anxiety among the nursing home residents,and other treatments are never or only occasionally being discussed at more than half of the nursinghomes in this study. The results also show that reminiscence therapy and problem-solving therapyhas been used occasionally, while alternative therapies are used more frequently.

Maligna tumörer är något som drabbar såväl djur som människor över hela världen. Därför har stora ansträngningar lagts på att kartlägga mekanismerna bakom en av nyckelparametrarna för tumörtillväxt, tumörangiogenes. Studier har visat att tumörcellerna själva kan inducera neovaskulatur genom ökat uttryck av pro-angiogena faktorer, så som endotelial tillväxtfaktor och angiopoeitin-2. Anti-angiogenesterapi, i form av olika antikroppsderivat, riktar sig fram för allt mot de signalvägar som involverar pro-angiogena faktorer i ett försök att stävja tumörens tillväxtresurser. Idag används främst monoklonala antikroppar, var för sig, tillsammans eller i kombination med kemo- och/eller strålningsterapi. Tyvärr är anti-angiogenesresistens är ett växande problem, troligen relaterat till både adaptiva och inbyggda resistensmekanismer hos de tumörceller som behandlas.

The complex sound of someone walking in snow aren't easy to create in a studio. The best way to get the sound is to go out on a surface with real snow and record the footsteps there, but it is a complex procedure to get the right sound on the snow because snow sounds different in various temperature and various kinds of snow. It is important to find the right kind of snow to get the right sound on the foot steps. In a studio, the foley artist can create the sound of footsteps in snow by walking on different kind of material, like potato flour, coarse salt or corn flakes, the question is how realistic this materials sounds and what temperature on the snow they sound like. The results shows that the real snow (warm and cold snow) sounds most realistic and the potato flour sounds like warm and wet snow, the corn flakes some think sounds like cold snowwhile others think that it doesn't sound like snow at all and the coarse salt sounds like snow when it is around -10°C in the air, they all sounds similar in realism compared to each other.

Drug related messages in antidrug campaigns and music related media -A qualitative study about young people?s perceptions Youth are exposed to both promotional and critical drug and alcohol messages in their daily media consumption. The purpose of this study is to examine how youth perceive anti-drug campaigns and drug-promoting messages in music-related media. The empirical material consists of qualitative data, including a focus group and two individual interviews, consisting of youth between the ages of 18 and19. One main finding is that young people perceive anti-drug messages differently, yet they are virtually unanimous about what makes such messages effective.

When rubber equipment in a milking system ages, physical and chemical deterioration occurs and cracks, crevices, as well as deposits of organic and inorganic material is formed on the surface. Bacterial colonization can accumulate, especially on ageing rubber equipment and if the cleaning procedure is not functioning properly. Formation of biofilm in milking equipment could in turn cause bacterial contamination of bulk tank milk. ATP bioluminescence is a fast and easy way to determine the hygienic status of a surface based on its ATP content, and results are given in relative light units (RLU). The method measures both bacterial contamination as well as residues from other organic material.