In Sweden, the eutrophication of lakes, water courses and the coastal areas is considered the major threat to aquatic ecosystems and therefore actions taken to reduce the nutrient load to aquatic system including the Baltic Sea has high priority. There are many different sources of phosphorous and nitrogen and domestic wastewater is one contributing factor to the high load. Especially waste water from households that is not connected to municipal sewage treatment or a local small scale plant with appropriate nutrient removal efficiency is considered a problem. These types of households are quite common in rural areas in Sweden and in areas where summer houses has been converted to permanent living. Swedish legislation now permit the municipalities to decide in which areas within the municipality higher demands of the local small scale treatment facility should be met by the households (i.e.

The development of farm-operated biogas plants in Sweden is increasing. This study investigates the process that firms go through in developing such ventures. The aim is to identify obstacles and opportunities that individual farmers have encountered during the implementation process, and through a comparative analysis find similarities and differences between cases. The overall goal is to increase understanding of the factors that influence farmers? development of farm-based biogas production, and more specifically, explore opportunities for support organizations to contribute to the innovation process. Findings indicate that the implementation process has changed over time.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a significant vector-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing devastating encephalitis in humans. Its geographical range includes a majority of Asian countries and has also been recognized in some western Pacific areas. The main vectors of JEV are mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex. Birds and pigs function as hosts and virus amplifiers, whereas humans are accidental hosts. Japanese encephalitis is commonly regarded as a rural disease.

This essay describes how the author gradually gets a deeper understanding for his profession and the development of his professional skills, attitude and practice. The essay contains two main narratives representing examples from the author´s occupational practice, and through those narratives he tells how his practice alters and develops. These stories are also the basis for considering different aspects on how to get good models for practising a profession when you are a beginner, and how to manage ethical dilemmas. The starting point is when the author in the beginning of his career as a rural pastor is visiting a seriously ill parishioner at a province hospital. The course and the outcome of this call is surprising the young pastor, and the author tries to analyze the background to the outcome and assesses several possible explanations for the result of his call. The narrative is used to examine the attitude, the professional skills and the social and existential context for the author at that time. The patriarchal patterns in the parish are illuminated and questioned. In the second part of the essay the author investigates what will happen when pastoral cure transforms to psychotherapy, and how the author deals with phenomena in the therapeutical process such as idealization and secondary traumatization. On basis of texts written by among others Ingela Josefson, Fredrik Svenaeus, Christian Nilsson and Ulla Ekström von Essen the author seeks explanation for the development of his practical knowledge. With references to philosofers as Plato, Aristotle, H.G.

Denna uppsats behandlar hur städer styrs och marknadsförs idag och vilka konsekvenser detta får för stadens invånare. Ambitionen är att synliggöra maktdiskurser bakom stadsplanering, i ett globalt och lokalt sammanhang. En ökad förståelse för stadsutvecklingsprocesser kan bidra till en demokratisering av desamma. Offentliga platser regleras och styrs av politiker och stadsplanerare och kan således sägas representera en styrande maktdiskurs. Sedan det sena nittonhundrasjuttiotalet har en nedåtgående trend inom industrisektorn och efterföljande ekonomiska förändringar i västvärlden skett.

During the period 1905 to 1940 it was possible to get a loan from the state to buy land and build a small farm or a house in rural areas. This loan act and its effects have been studied earlier in different ways, but never as a total study for a geographic region. The region Malmöhus Län has been chosen. The purpose of this paper is to study in which parts of the area loans were taken and who sold the land that was used for these purposes. Earlier studies have looked at a larger geographical area for some specific years.

The aim of this study was to explore the social background of the people convicted of drunkenness offence in the town of Ljungby between 1936 and 1947. Drunkenness offense was sentenced to those found drunk in public but also societys attempt to control the s subclass. This view was in contrast to the ideal of the well-behaved worker who also spread during the end of the last century. Based on information found in index cards for drunkenness offenses provided by Ljungbys temperance board this studie explores whether alcohol use changes in different social classes. By mapping the offender's profession, age, gender and housing situation, the study shows clear overrepresentation of working class men.

Den psykosociala arbetsmiljöns koppling till människors mentala och fysiska hälsa har fått allt större uppmärksamhet under senare år. Det är emellertid medarbetarna som har varit i fokus medan chefers hälsa och psykosociala arbetsmiljö utforskats i begränsad omfattning. Mot bakgrund av alltmer komplexa chefsroller och stort rekryteringsbehov av nya chefer inom de närmaste åren aktualiseras förutsättningar för ett hållbart chefskap d.v.s. att chefen fungerar i sin roll och mår bra. En litteraturgenomgång visar att chefers förutsättningar för ett hållbart chefskap är understuderat.En enkätundersökning genomfördes bland samtliga första linjens chefer och mellanchefer i ett landsting för att kartlägga hur inre, individuella faktorer respektive yttre, organisatoriska faktor påverkar ett hållbart chefskap i positiv respektive negativ riktning.

This project was started within the Market-Design programme of Elforsk, with the aim of developing representative test systems of Swedish distribution networks. Using such test systems as a basis for reliability and customer interruption cost calculations makes it feasible to analyse the network tariff regulation of Swedish power  istribution companies. In particular, it enables studies of the incentives for companies to invest in system reliability. Until now, the available test systems are either not representative of Swedish conditions, or too small in scale and limited in function.Within this project we have created two test systems. In order to represent the diversity of actual Swedish distribution networks, we have created one test system for urban environments and another for rural environments.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the public libraries work towards SFI (Swedish For Immigrants) based on the views of the overseeing librarians. To study this we have asked the following research questions:What distinguishes the public libraries? work towards SFI according to the responsible librarians? What distinguishes the communication between SFI teachers and the librarians according to the responsible librarians? What opinions are held by the librarians in regards to their work with SFI?We have used a semi structured interview method with seven librarians in charge of the activities with SFI at small and medium sized public libraries in a rural area of Sweden. The theoretical framework is composed of Marianne Andersson and Dorte Skot-Hansen?s model for analysis of the local public library profile and the authors? definition of collaboration.

För att främja landsbygdens utveckling och till följd av förändringar i markpolitiken tilläts genom lag bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden 1990. Detta skulle ske genom att öka den enskildes möjlighet att utforma sin fastighet efter egna önskemål. Glesbygd, som är landsbygd karaktäriserad av gles befolkning, är mer utsatt för de problem som landsbygden står inför. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns eller borde finnas en skillnad mellan lands- och glesbygden vid fastighetsbildning av stora bostadsfastigheter. Studien utförs genom en genomgång av rättskällor, tolkning av rättsfall och analys av Lantmäteriets praxis.

This study investigated a local aspect of theSwedish elementary school modernization process between the years 1871-1882.Previous studies have been drawn from the school inspectors own reports andshow that the schoolboards housed a negative and resentful attitude towardsreforms and the school inspectors often felt that the parish priests were moreinclined to changes than the schoolboards themselves.  Other research on elementary schoolmodernization has stressed the matching grants as a major cause of developmentand further establishment. In this study, however, a schoolboards own notes inthe form of meeting protocols during an eleven year period as well as a letterby a priest Erik Lundberg, Redogörelseför skolhusfrågan i Tierp dated 6 October 1880 were analyzed to see if theprevious explanation of school modernization, in particular with regard to thereluctance to change by the schoolboards goes to demonstrate and confirm. Theresults of this study have shown that even if the schoolboards do notimmediately follow the school inspectors instructions, it seems not primarilybeen due to resentment. Reforms within the school world are well known forbeing time-consuming but for the current period, as this study concerns andwithin this specific parish there were conflicts of interest which are notshown when only the inspector?s accounts and reports are examined.

This is a 20 points graduation thesis, performed at the Department of Urban and Rural Development at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala. The main aim of this thesis is to examine what it is like to combine studying with working and starting your own company. Furthermore, I want to be able to convey this knowledge to others. An important part of being a landscape architect is informing people, and making rather abstract issues tangible. The word 'entrepreneur' is originally French. Today, we think of entrepreneurs, or contractors, as energetic people, who dare to try new ideas. There are many reasons why people start their own company, but the most common ones are the wish to fulfil oneself and to be able to plan one's own time.

I övergången från industrialism till post-industrialism förändras städernas ekonomiska förutsättningar och ökar konkurrensen. Städer som tidigare haft en god tillväxt med bas i tillverkningsindustri drabbas av konkurrens från länder som tillhandahåller billigare arbetskraft. I den här situationen väljer många städer att satsa på att stärka sin attraktivitet samt marknadsföra sig för att locka till sig nya invånare, nya företag, turister, externt kapital. En strategi är att satsa på kultur och evenemang. Värdskapet för evenemang kan vid första anblick framstå som en odelat positiv och oproblematisk företeelse, något som gagnar staden med alla dess invånare samt även regionen och landet som helhet.

Stora delar av världen genomgår idag en omfattande urbanisering, där allt fler flyttar från land till stad. Samtidigt ges diskussionen om hållbar utveckling mer och mer relevans och utrymme. Som en följd av rådande urbaniseringstrender tycks resonemang kring miljömässig hållbar utveckling ofta beröra hur de urbana strukturerna ska kunna komma att möta framtidens klimatutmaningar, snarare än att alternativa strukturer lyfts fram som möjliga, mer miljövänliga, alternativ. Denna uppsats syftar till att ge en djupare förståelse för vilken betydelse relationen mellan stad och landsbygd har för en miljömässigt hållbar utveckling. Uppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt i en beskrivning av och diskussion kring miljömässig hållbarhet (och icke-hållbarhet) i staden respektive på landsbygden. Denna beskrivning och diskussion ligger sedan till grund för en analys av huruvida Region Skåne förhåller sig till de miljömässiga fördelar en stärkt relation mellan stad och landsbygd innebär.