The cost of capital for traded companies is basically assessed on information from thefinancial market. Small and non-traded companies are lack of this necessary financialmarket information in order to determine an appropriate equity risk premium and tocompute the cost of capital.In the absence of financial information necessary for an external investor, it is difficult toevaluate a non-traded company with the Capital Asset Pricing model (CAPM), which isbased on the financial market information. It measures only the systematic risk, which isthe contribution of one share to the market risk of a portfolio. It is therefore important tofind models that reflect the small and non-traded companies? real business value and theirunique characteristics.

The aim of this study is to examine which factors in a traffic wardens? situation at work that promote and which that inhibit satisfaction at work. The aim of this study is also to examine if there are any differences in the work experiences for traffic wardens that work alone versus those who work in a team of two. The following questions are examined in the study:?Which factors promote and which factors inhibit the work situation for traffic wardens??Are there any differences between traffic wardens that work alone and those who work with another colleague?The selection consisted of eight traffic wardens, of which four of them work with another colleague while the other four work by themselves.

Bakgrund: Kapital allokeras till produktiva investeringar på basis av uppskattad avkastning hos dessa och därför är det viktigt att kunna göra så rättvisande värderingar som möjligt. I praktiken är detta dock svårt eftersom många investeringar omgärdas av hög osäkerhet. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att ge ett bidrag till diskussionen om hur tillgångar värderas under speciellt osäkra förhållanden. Avgränsningar: Med tillgångar avses anläggningstillgångar. Med speciellt osäkra förhållanden avses situationer då variabler som framtida kassaflöden och tillgångens livslängd inte är kända.

Aim The purpose of this research is to study the need and the importance of marks in secondary school. The reason is to find out the students' perception of how they are motivated. Furthermore, how students experience the assessment and grading in physical education.What attitudes do students have towards the mark in the subject physical education in 6th and 9th grade, also how does SOC affect their attitudes towards marks?What kind of motivational significance do marks in physical education have in 6th and 9th grade based on their SOC?How do the students experience the assessment in grading in 6th and 9th grade based on their SOC?Method The data was collected with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of four classes from 6th grade and five classes from 9th grade; all from two different schools in the county of Stockholm.

Tester av CAPM och Beta av bland andra Eugene Fama och Kenneth French (1992) har visat att det inte existerar något samband mellan systematisk risk (beta) och avkastning för aktier på den amerikanska aktiemarknaden. Andra forskare hävdar att det kan finnas ett samband mellan beta och avkastning om den studerade tiden fokuserar på isolerade perioder med antingen positiva eller negativa marknader. Kritik har även riktats av bland annat Richard Roll för att olika index som approximation för aktiemarknaden vid beräkningen av beta kan generera helt skilda värden och således betyda att investerare kan ha olika förväntade avkastningar för samma aktie.I denna studie försöker författarna besvara frågan om det existerar ett signifikant samband mellan beta och avkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden. I studien undersöks sambandet på en aggregerad nivå under den totala studieperioden mellan 2003-2011 och även under isolerade positiva samt negativa marknader under samma period. Författarna använder sig av två olika index som approximation för den svenska aktiemarknaden, OMX Stockholm PI och OMX Stockholm 30, vid beräkningen av beta. För att kunna undersöka sambandet delas aktierna in i portföljer där snittvärden på beta och avkastning beräknas och studeras sedan i regressionsberäkningar.Resultatet av studien visar att det existerar ett signifikant samband mellan risk, symboliserat av beta, och avkastning på den svenska aktiemarknaden vid positiva marknader under den studerade tidsperioden.

The high and seemingly increasing degree of consumer avoidance and disliking of television advertising breaks should raise many questions for commercially financed television networks as it can be argued that benefits sought by both viewers [seeking a fulfilling viewing experience] and advertisers [seeking advertising effectiveness] are eroded by this effect. This thesis studies effects on advertising effectiveness [RecallBRAND; AttitudeBRAND; AttitudeAD] as well as on the viewing experience [SatisfactionPROGRAM/CHANNEL; Attitude PROGRAM/CHANNEL; IntentionPROGRAM/CHANNEL] given a reduced degree of advertising clutter. By conducting an experiment two breaks are compared, one having the standard primetime nonprogram time units (5 min and 30 sec *3?16minutes/hour) and the other the standard nonprogram content cut in half (2.45 min *3 ?8min /hour).Results show that the reduced breaks award advertisers with higher commercial effectiveness. Measures of RecallBRAND demonstrates no differences between the standard and the reduced break, implying a significantly increased likelihood to be recalled and an equivalently lowered risk to be forgotten in the reduced break.

The thesis is based on a case study of a Swedish discussion forum where survivalism and prepping is the main focus. The awareness of an abrupt and immanent breakdown together with a full and thorough preparation for any conceivable threat posed by that breakdown is what legitimizes survivalism and prepping. This preparation, or risk-proofing is 1) grounded in an isolation of the body and its predispositions from perceived risks, and 2) actualized through artefacts, theoretical and practical knowledge and awareness. Stories of the embodied survivalist are also stories of masculine and heterosexual subjects and ?the others?.

Introduction: Although life expectancy had increased in Sweden for many decades and several health problems had diminished over time, there was no change in men's risk behaviour regarding for instance high alcohol and tobacco consumption. Many of the gender differences in health that existed in society explained were due to power structures and beliefs about behaviour based on gender; a social construction that resulted in the relatively high valuation of men with a more masculine behaviour. Aim: This literature review aimed to study and identify the scientific knowledge regarding paternity leave and its impact on men's health. Method: A literature- based study design was used and the material consisted of peer-reviewed articles from which six themes were identified: alcohol, tobacco, stress, isolation, social support and mortality risk. Results: Divided into three parts, the results described the socioeconomic background of the men who took paternity leave, as well as the impact of paternity leave and masculinity as an impact on men's health.

AbstractTitel: Ur elden in i askan. En kvalitativ studie om det sociala nätverkets betydelse för ensamkommande barnKeywords: unaccompanied refugee children, social network, risk and resilience, social work.Authors: Karin Bodå och Leila Silva The main purpose of this study is to illuminate and describe the importance of having a social network for unaccompanied refugee children in Sweden. Using qualitative interviews this study looks at their possibilities to create a social network in Sweden and how their network helps them to solve problems. Knowledge of this subject is important for social workers, in order to be able to encourage and help unaccompanied refugee children to build a social network. The base for our analysis is attachment theory, coping theory, social network theory, KASAM theory, risk and resilience theory, system theory are used to give deeper insight into experiences of four unaccompanied refugee boys.

Barn som redan i tidig barndom uppvisar normbrytande beteende löper ökad risk för en senare kriminell utveckling. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att simultant undersöka evidensbaserade riskfaktorer för normbrytande beteende. Multipla regressionsanalyser användes för att se vilka riskfaktorer som bäst kunde förklara normbrytande beteende. Undersökningen genomfördes genom rapporter från förskolelärare (n=298) och föräldrar (n=239) till barn i tre- till femårsåldern. De riskfaktorer som undersöktes var riskfaktorer på individ- och familjenivå som kan anses påverkbara och direkt mer än indirekt kopplade till normbrytande beteende.

THE ROLE OF TARGET GROUPS IN FEEDBACK EFFECTSBrand extension is one of the most commonly used brand strategies since it reduces some of the risks involved in introducing a completely new brand. There are, however, several challenges associated with brand extensions. One of these challenges is the impact of a new brand extension on the parent brand image, which is known as feedback effect. Feedback effects are the changes in parent brand associations that are caused by a new brand extension, these effects can be both negative and positive. Several previous studies have investigated feedback effects and the antecedents of these effects.

Författare: Johan SundTitel: Det handlar om inställning ? En studie om mental inställning i övningsrummetEnglish title: It is all about attitude ? A study of the effects of mental attitude in the practice room. Sökord: musik, psykologi, improvisation, övning, konstnärlig forskningDen här uppsatsen handlar om mental inställning och hur den påverkar situationen i övningsrummet för en improvisationsmusiker. Med hjälp av loggboksanteckningar och videoobservation har jag studerat mig själv under åtta övningspass där jag, inför min examenskonsert, övar olika improvisationsverktyg och moment. Min idé var att söka svaren på en av de frågor som vi musiker ofta ställer oss: ?Varför spelade jag så bra igår, men inte idag??.

Stress är ett ökande problem i samhället. Av alla sjukskrivna är i dag närmare fyrtio procent hemma för någon form av psykisk ohälsa och antalet beräknas öka ytterligare. Besvären kryper längre ner i åldrarna och kan ses redan hos små barn. En redan utsatt grupp i samhället är ungdomar, vilka går igenom en stor omställning i övergången till vuxenlivet. Hur de påverkas av dagens samhällsstruktur är ännu outforskat.

AimThe aim of this interview study was to examine how PE teachers related to factors (ramfaktorer) affecting the implementation of outdoor recreation in school.MethodWe conducted a qualitative interview study with six PE teachers in the Stockholm area. These were selected after all the PE teachers in Stockholm were contacted via e-mail. In the e-mail they declared the number of outdoordays (friluftsdagar) conducted at their school, for grades four, five and six. The selection was carried out in that we chose the PE teachers who declared the most and least number of outdoor days. After the transcription of the interviews we divided the teachers in to two groups, based on the width of outdoor activities in their teaching.

Denna uppsats har skrivits i syfte att undersöka om finansiella aktörers information angående risk i fondsparande är förenlig med investerares riskuppfattning. Idag följer finansiella institutioner EU-direktiv och svensk lagstiftning när de riskklassificerar sina fonder. Konkret används 5-årig historisk volatilitet mätt med standardavvikelse. Vi har därför ämnat undersöka om det riskmått och teorierna som ligger till grund för det är tillfredställande i sin nuvarande form. Vi har undersökt detta med hjälp av så väl traditionell som behovsfokuserad finansieringsteori.