This study aims to scrutinize the four major banks in Sweden on how their profit havedeveloped over a time span of 15 years, whether stricter regulations have had anyimpact on financial key ratios and if there is any correlation between the banksprofitability and their risk taking. The period covered is the years 2000-2014. Thefigures are annually and the four major banks are; Handelsbanken, Nordea,Skandiviska Enskilda Banken (SEB) and Swedbank.The findings are that financial key ratios that include net income are pro-cycle whereSwedbank has the biggest volatility over the period and that the three other banks areless, but clear pro-cycle. There are also indications that stricter rules have madeimpact on the volatility of the profitability even though the period covered is notenough to ensure this claim. Nordea has had the lowest and most stable capital ratiothroughout the period and the other three banks lowered their debt-to-equity ratiosignificantly after the financial crisis in 2008.

Syftet med denna komparativa, enkätbaserade studie var att synliggöra eventuella skillnader i uppfattningen om processen för bedömning av lärares prestationer hos skolledare i några skolor i Sverige och på några internationella skolor. I litteratur-genomgången gick jag igenom ett antal faktorer alt. delmoment som skulle kunna stödja en systematisk utvärderingsprocess och jag placerade in lärarutvärdering som ett led i skolutvecklingsarbete, ett led i den enskilde lärarens professionsutveckling och ett verktyg som stöd för att individuell lönesättning (på de skolor där lön/anställnings-kontrakt kopplas till prestation). Sex olika förutsättningar för utvärdering av lärare presenterades, vilka kopplades till ett systematiskt arbete med lärarutvärdering på skolor. Utifrån dessa ställde jag upp två utgångspunkter, vilka jag avsåg att utvärdera genom denna enkätundersökning: att skolenheter som har en tydlig vision/mission/värdegrund har en mer strukturerad process för bedömning av lärares individuella prestationer och att skolledarna på de internationella skolorna som deltar i undersökningen genomför en mer systematisk utvärdering av lärarnas arbete.

One of many difficult issues in veterinary medicine is the assessment of an animal's experience of pain. As a licensed veterinary nurse in Sweden you are obligated by law to work by the concept of evidence based medicine. To achieve this the author of this study sees the need for standardized methods of pain assessment. A Swedish version of Short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF) has recently been translated and developed. Furthermore, a psychometric validation needs to be performed to ensure its validity and reliability.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva subjektiva multifaktoriella metoder som sjuksköterskor kan använda för att identifiera äldre patienter med malnutrition och patienter med risk för att utveckla malnutriion. Syftet var vidare att redogöra för vilka undersökningar som sjuksköterskor i kliniskt arbete använder för att bedöma patienters nutrionsstatus med samt att belysa sjuksköterskors attityder till prevention av malnutritionstillstånd. Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. De vetenskapliga artiklar (n=17) som ingick i studiens resultat söktes i databaserna ELIN@Dalarna och CINAHL. De sökord som användes var malnutrition, nutrition, undernutrition, elderly, screening, assessment, MNA, SGA, nurses och attitudes i olika kombinationer.

Communication during the process of Environmental Impact Assessment: Interviews concerning three infrastructure projects Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a method to describe the possible impact of a planned project. The aim of such an assessment is to aid a sustainable development, by supplying a comprehensive basis for decision-making. Today there are many people working with EIA in different forms, representing both different interests within the community, as well as having different individual points of view. The proponent is responsible for the EIA, but it is of interest to study the relationship between the different participants who are involved in this process. The aim of this report is to study how the different disciplines involved have communicated with each other and amongst themselves, what characterises good communication, and if anything should be improved.

A stay in the neonatal intensive care unit of greater than 5 days is one of the identified risks ofa sensorineural hearing loss. Preterm infants usually have at least one risk factor for hearingimpairment. The period from 25 weeks' gestation to 5 to 6 months of age is most critical tothe development of the auditory system. We think it is important to investigate hearingimpariment among infants born preterm, degree and type of hearing loss, risk factorsassociated with hearing loss and how the auditory system may be affected by preterm birth.ObjectiveA critical review of the current literature including studies of preterm infants born betweengestonal age 25-37. Our aim is to identify the most common type and degree of hearing lossamong infants born preterm and if there is an association between hearing loss and pretermbirth.MethodA literature search of Scopus and Pubmed resulted in 16 articles from 2000-2015ResultsMost of the infants in this study had a severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss.

Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att beskriva hur lärarens bedömning kan påverka elevers lärande positivt samt att undersöka vilka bedömningsformer lärare använder sig av. Med vårt examensarbete vill vi utöka vår kunskap om bedömning och beskriva vilka konsekvenser olika syften med bedömning kan få för eleven. Vårt mål är inte att generalisera, utan att ge en bild av vilka uppfattningar som kan finnas hos lärare. Vi har genomfört fyra kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare i år 4-6 och det är deras utsagor samt relevant litteratur som examensarbetet bygger på. Formativ bedömning, dvs.

The study examines risk perception and crisis preparedness among personnel at high-schools. The focus is set on teachers and leaders at four high-schools in Örebro municipality, Sweden. The purpose of the study is to examine crisis preparedness and identify factors which influences risk perception and crisis preparedness. The survey consisted of a questionnaire which was completed by 95 respondents. The results show that better information about the crisis preparedness in the schools is needed.

Patienter med trycksår lider av både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Många av dem är oftast äldre, stillasittande och kanske även undernärda. Författarna ville undersöka hur trycksår kunde förhindras samt läka bättre. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka betydelsen av korrekt riskbedömning för trycksår så att preventiva åtgärder sätts in i rätt tid. Vidare var författarna intresserade av hur en adekvat näringstillförsel inverkar på sårläkningsprocessen.

In recent years, several scandals have been revealed where public employees been involved. Some researchers argue, moreover, that the NPM's rampage has led to an increase in the risk of corruption in public administration. The Regulation on Internal Control shall, according to the government, lead to adequate protection against corruption by analyzing and managing risks. However, Riksrevisionen have criticized the authorities' protection against corruption to be too unstructured and unsystematic. In addition, they questioned whether the regulation really has significance in the work against corruption.

The economic analysis of building contracts is an unexplored field within Law and Economics. This paper makes an attempt to cast some light over the subject and encourage to more research within the field. The main purpose has been to describe why the actual price in a public construction project often turns out to be higher than the contract price and offer a way of handle that risk. In the paper a model is set up that shows an optimal contract given expectations on actual price and gaps in contracts. Cost increases for the buyer can mainly be explained by two situations.

Som främsta motiv till offshoringen angav de två företagen i studien kostnadseffektivisering. Båda företagen i studien, Bulls Tryckeri AB och Trelleborg Protective Products, uppvisar en medvetenhet kring en rad riskaspekter som kan vara, och är, närvarande vid offshoring av produktion. Respektive offshoringprojekt föregicks av en bedömning av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa aspekter relaterade till offshoringen. De två bedömningarna, om ej kompletta riskanalyser, uppvisar klara kopplingar till analysering av risk och dess eventuella konsekvenser. Både Bulls Tryckeri AB samt Trelleborg Protective Products arbetar aktivt med att reducera risk i sin offshoringrelation genom riskreduceringsstrategier såsom målkongruens, spackling och horizontal chunkification..

As stocks have become a more common way for people to save their money, the range of financial information has had a substantial increase. To understand the assumptions that stock valuation and analysis are built upon, it is important for the reader to have an understanding for the models that are used by banks and institutions when recommendations are published.The cash flow model, which is the most commonly used stock valuation tool, is based on CAPM. This model describes the relationship between an assets return and its risk in relation to an index. The risk parameter is called the beta value and has grown to be the dominating risk factor within financial economics literature.The use of beta values has been widely discussed in the world of academics and some researchers claim that the degree of explanation brought about by the beta is so low that it should be discarded, others are faithful to the beta and believe that it still serves a purpose. As a result of this criticism other ways to calculate the beta have surfaced, models that take other factors of risk into consideration.

Abstract    Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate if inclinometer estimates of arm posture during paper mill work differed between periods of different arm visibility. The aim was also to identify strategies for and difficulties in assessing body-visibility on video. Methods: The study consisted of two parts, where part 1 aimed to investigate the validity of observation-based assessment of arm posture during paper mill work. Study 2 was a survey among people with experience in assessing the posture of paper mill workers from video. Results: The total time for the right upper arm visibility indicates that it was on average visible in 54%, partly visible 15 %  and not visible 31%.

The Swedish bank Handelsbanken has, according to their own way of measuring, been more successful than a weighted average of their competitors during the last 38 years. They have also handled the recent financial crisis, as well as the one in the 1990´s, better than most other banks. This paper studies their management control system at branch level in order to identify the controls which have been enforced to ensure that a low risk level is retained in the lending. The controls that have been identified are; (1) A decentralized organization with the offices as profit centers where the manager has restrictions regarding risk level and the results are measured as K/I (cost/revenue). (2) The absence of bonuses and individual follow-up regarding performance measurement.