Syfte med mitt arbete var att undersöka hur man ska göra för att starta ett eget företag, vilka problem som kan uppstå under resans gång och vilka fördelar och nackdelar som det är med att driva en egen verksamhet.Uppsatsen påbörjades år 1997. Materialet till undersökningen samlades genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer med ägarna till olika kaféer runt om i Göteborg och information från Arbetsförmedlingen och Företagsetablering (ALMI). Därefter skedde sammanställning och bearbetning av materialet. Uppdatering och färdigställande av arbetet har gjorts under år 2008. Många av de kaféer jag vände mig till har bytt ägare, några hade samma ägare och några existerade inte längre.

Actors deliberately change their preferences, contrary to the assumptions of rational decision models. This study shows why, and to some extent how. Preferences are necessarily ambiguous and unstable. Rationality is a regulating myth which has had a profound influence on Western conceptions of what an actor is.The aim of this study is to help individual actors understand the theoretical grounds of their actions. The analysis provides tools for examining decision methods and preference changes.

The purpose of this thesis is to show what advantages and opportunities social media offer for B2B-companies (business-to-business), and how they can be used for marketing communications.We have studied how companies can use social media, for example evolving the organization, developing products/services, staying up-to-date, building relations, creating customer loyalty and engagement, building the company?s identity and image, and affecting the buying decisions. We have also studied how B2B-companies can choose media channels, set goals, and measure the results.We have carried out interviews, through phone and visits, with four chosen companies that fit our criterias: Swedish B2B-company that is successful in social media.The result of the interviews show that B2B-companies use social media for various purposes, for example networking (to create and build long term relations with other companies) and to improve the company?s image among the end customers. Most of our interviewees reach their end customers (consumers) in first place and customers (companies) in second place, since many B2B-companies do not yet use social media.Half of our respondents mention that social media should not be used for advertising and campaigns (one way communication).

Detta examensarbete har utförts på Milko Ostförädling i Sundsvall. Ostförädlingens förädling är kundorderstyrd vilket beror på att de till för två år sedan märkte all konsumentförpackad ost med pris. Priset styrdes av vilken kund det var som beställde samt om kunden hade någon försäljningskampanj/aktivitet. Under dessa förutsättningar fanns det därför ingen annan möjlig produktionsstrategi för Ostförädlingen än att tillverka mot kundorder. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om det är möjligt för Ostförädlingen att införa lagerstyrning samt hur denna styrning i så fall skall ske.

Problem: How is management accounting change understood via the duality perspective in the field of alternative management accounting research?Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to develop a tool for analysis aspiring to provide understanding for how differences and similarities with regards to the duality perspective may have different consequences for understanding management accounting change.Contribution: This paper aspires towards a theoretical contribution through an in-depth review of existing conceptual literature. This is done to gain clarity in definitions and uses of concepts, with related terms, referring or relating to duality. Through clarifying different meanings of duality, consequences for how to understand management accounting change, and the different approaches to using a duality perspective, the tool for analysis which is developed in this essay aims to contribute to a movement of alternative management accounting research towards increased comparability as well as increased insight into how management accounting change is currently understood through this type of research.Method: Literature reviews based on Booth et al.s SALSA-framework. Creation of a tool for analysis for usage when reviewing material based on a duality perspective.Conclusions: The duality perspective differs, and affects understanding of management accounting change, in accordance with the following five themes:Theme 1: The duality perspective is affected by differences in the use of definitions/descrptions.Theme 2: The duality perspective is affected by different purposes of the agent and different credit given to the agents power/ability to alter change.Theme 3: The content of the duality perspective is affected by the existence and purpose off being inspired by different theoretical approaches.Theme 4: The duality perspective affects the idea and understanding of the form and expression/process of management accounting.Theme 5: Different duality perspectives have the ability to lead science against increased pluralism and/or synthesisIn order to increase understanding for and comparability between scientific contributions through a duality perspective there is to some extent a need for more and better definitions and a more problematizing when combining theoretical approaches.

Budgeten har i Sveriges kommuner en ledande roll som ekonomiskt styrinstrument. Budgeten uppfyller en rad olika syften inom områden som planering, kommunikation och kontroll. Ett mycket viktigt syfte med den kommunala budgeten är också resursfördelning. I kommuner får prioritering och fördelning av resurser ske med hjälp av budgetering. Budgetprocessens innehåll och tidsplan är av stor vikt för hur väl planerings- och budgetarbetet lyckas. Processen involverar ett flertal personer och är oftast väldigt tidskrävande.

Budgetprocessen i den kommunala organisationen är en komplex inrättning där förvaltningarna ska följa den ram som kommunstyrelsen och kommunfullmäktige har tagit fram. Förvaltningarna har sedan möjligheten att fördela den ramen hur de vill internt i sina verksamheter och kan själva bestämma över sin interna budgetprocess. Om det inte finns tydliga regler kring budgetprocessens genomförande i förvaltningarna, borde detta kunna skapa skillnader mellan förvaltningarna, eftersom beslutsorganen internt i förvaltningarna kan ha olika syn på budget och budgetprocessen. Utifrån detta resonemang har forskningsfrågorna; hur kan budgetprocessen i en kommun se ut och vilka likheter och skillnader kan finnas mellan olika förvaltningars budgetprocess i en kommun tagits fram. Syftet med denna studie har varit att kartlägga hur budgetprocessen i en kommunal förvaltning kan se ut och genom det även kartlägga hur budgetprocessen i en kommun kan se ut.

 Bachelor thesis within Business AdministrationTitle: Effective estate managementAuthor: Joacim StåhlPatrik StyrbjörnTutor: Gunnar WramsbyDate: 2008-06-05Subject terms: Estate management, efficiency, key figure, good examples, manager, real estate Abstract:Background: Concerning the global economy and the picture given in real estate business that efficiency and profitability are needed to survive is it intresting to study and search for good example to reach an effective and profitable estate management.Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to describe the work of real estate concern to reach efficiency and profitability from the owner/manager perspective.Method: Through qualitative interviews with eight respondents in four different real estate concerns describe good examples on effective estate management and with this fulfil the purpose of this essay. Two interviews per company were made, one at the company and one over phone to reach better security concerning the answers.Theory: The theory is divided in to four mainparts were the first two explains estate management and financial control. Thereafter comes an impression concerning efficiency and how efficiency is secured in estate mangement from a theoratical perspective.Empiri: This part of the essay is about the interviews made and through them show how real estate concern works with efficiency by focusing on good examples in which the companys find themself efficient.Analysis: Comparing the theories and the empirical research to analys and try to describe efficient estate management.Conclusions: Efficient estate management is about controlling the costs and especially about the opreating costs. Important to reach operative efficiency is therefore to continuosly follow up the costs and to do readings every month. To compose and continuosly work with budget and action plans for each estate is important in order to reach efficiency in the management of estates.

En faktor som blir allt viktigare för dagens organisationer är kunskapshantering. Detta är av stor betydelse för att organisationer ska kunna dra lärdomar från tidigare genomförda projekt. Projekt tenderar idag till att ha stor budget med hög resursomsättning, vilket medför att organisationer måste lära sig av misstag och genomföra utvärderingar. Den allt snabbare förändringstakten är också en viktig faktor för kunskapshantering. För att organisationer ska kunna anpassa sig till detta är det viktigt att de inser att kompetensen inte ligger i att besitta en viss kunskap, utan snarare i att kunna anpassa sig, tillgodogöra sig nya lärdomar och vidareutveckla sin kompetens.Syftet med denna undersökning är att påvisa hur utvärderingar kan leda till att lärdomar identifieras i projekt som sedan kan spridas inom organisationen för att öka kompetensnivån samt slutligen ligga till grund för en återkopplingsprocess som ökar kvaliteten på nystartade projekt.

This thesis has two purposes: (1) to analyze the emptiness in Blodbok by Christine Falkenland, and (2) to analyze my own reading of the same book. I have chosen to focus on how emptiness is expressed through the body, the language and the place in Blodbok, because of the deep impact these seem to have on the emptiness. The thesis discusses what kind of emptiness that is described, what it does to me as a reader, and how it is connected to other works by Falkenland. Cultural politics of emotions by Sara Ahmed, Uses of literature by Rita Felski and Pouvoirs de l?horreur by Julia Kristeva together form the theoretical framework.Blodbok is a poetry collection, about the loss of a mother.

What attribute affects salience on a political agenda? How come some reforms are implemented while others are not? These are essential and central questions for our society. Our society, our democracy and our everyday life are dependent of these factors; communication is the condition. In the 2011 budget from the Swedish conservative government, the question of lowering the VAT on restaurant- and catering services was the single most debated reform. This was occasioned from 2009 when the European Union allowed, for the first time since Swedish entry in 2005, a lower VAT on restaurant services.

AbstractHerbivores can be classified into either hiders or followers depending on their postpartum behaviour. The two behaviour types affect the spatial relationship between the mother and her infant. Goats are seen as hiders, although the environment plays a central role when it comes to the behaviour. Therefore, in the first part of this study the aim was to investigate how the goat kids? spatial relationship changed in the transition from indoor housing to pasture.

This thesis is a discourse analysis analyzing public library librarians' talk on the subject of public library meeting places. Within the field of Library and Information Science the public libraries' functions as social meeting places have been scrutinized for more than a decade. Researchers in the Nordic countries in particular have looked at library users' use of the library space and have highlighted the sociologic dimensions of the public library and the meeting place functions. Few however have paid much attention to the library personnel's point of view. The discourse analysis perspective is about language use and how people construct the reality.

This thesis represents my individual final research in Societal Risk Management. The aim of the study is to research whether the method called Responsible Beverage Serving has had the desired effect of diminished alcohol-related violence in Karlstad City, after its implementation into the ordinary operational agenda for Karlstad district in the county of Wermland. According to the method, the alcohol-related damages as well as alcohol-related violence in a society can be reduced by refusing to serve minors and clients who are excessively intoxicated.In order to be able to reach the aim of the thesis, the subsequent questions must be answered;Has excessive drinking reduced in the bars and clubs in Karlstad City?Has it become more difficult for minors to be served alcohol in the bars and clubs in Karlstad City?Has the police reported amount of assaults outdoors diminished regarding the alcohol-related violence in Karlstad City?This research is an intervention study and uses a quasi-experimental design. The intervention itself is the method called Responsible Beverage Serving.

This study is intended to study how the social worker in financial assistance relates to the social workers exercise of its authority, regarding the Social Services Act and the Administrative Procedures Act. In concerning how the social worker treats and handles the cases of their clients, but also what significancethe organization's policies and goals have on the social worker?s role and the formation of their professional identity. To answer these questions the study chose a qualitative approach. Because the purpose of this study is to investigate the social worker?s personal beliefs about their way of conducting social work.