Bakgrund: Malnutrition är en av de största hälsoriskerna bland äldre och det har länge varit ett problem inom sjukvården. Till följd av felnäring får patienterna komplikationer. Trots att det finns olika metoder för bedömning av nutritionsstatus är det känt att omvårdnaden kring nutrition är otillräcklig. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa senaste rön i omvårdnadsforskningen kring malnutrition gällande äldre patienter. Metod: Artikelsökningar gjordes i databaser med sökord relaterade till ämnet.

Syftet med denna studie var, att utifrån vetenskaplig litteratur, beskriva vilka kunskaper vårdpersonalen har och vilka kunskaper de behöver om suicidalitet och suicidpreventiva åtgärder hos äldre. Syftet var även att granska de valda artiklarnas kvalitet avseende urvalsmetod. Metod: Denna studie är en beskrivande litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design. Femton vetenskapliga artiklar är hämtade från databaserna Cinahl/PubMed, och från referenslistor. Resultat: Suicidproblematiken är i högsta grad ett folkhälsoproblem.

Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka hur sjuksköterskan kan använda empowerment i vård av unga. Det finns ett stöd i de vetenskapliga artiklar som granskats att använda sig utav empowerment i vård av ungdomar. Litteraturstudien visar att empowerment stärker ungdomar. Sjuksköterskan kan genom empowermentåtgärder understödja så att ungdomar får en bra start i livet. De empowermentåtgärder denna litteraturstudie resulterar i visar att sjuksköterskan genom undervisning direkt till ungdomar men också till vuxna i ungdomars omgivning, stödjer ungdomar i den förändring de går igenom, samt guidar dem till ett sunt hälsobeteende med hjälp av prevention.

Introduction: Mental illness is a public health issue which 20-40 per cent of the inhabitantsin Sweden suffer from. Many factors can lead to mental illness and because of that it isimportant that different organisations and professions collaborate in prevention and healthpromotion work. To develop the collaborative process by noticing difficulties and successes,documenting, follow-up and evaluation is of great importance. Aim: The aim of this literaturereview is to investigate which methods are used for evaluation of health promoting anddisease preventive collaborative projects, which focuses on mental health directly orindirectly, and find out what results these projects has revealed. Method: Literature reviewwith descriptive design.

Water hardness indicates the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water. Water with high concentrations of these ions is described as hard water and water with low concentrations is described as soft water. Water that is too hard or too soft can lead to technical and economical problems. In collaboration with Midvatten AB, groundwater hardness in the Badelunda esker between Leksand and Avesta has been mapped, and an attempt has been made to explain the variations. For this purpose, different GIS programs, such as ArcView, ArcInfo, IDIRISI, and one geochemical modelling program, PHREEQC, has been used.

Omkring 33 miljoner människor lever idag med HIV. I Södra Sudan är epidemiologiska data mycket bristfälliga, men även om dessa tyder på att prevalensen är låg, så är riskfaktorerna många för att spridningen snabbt kan accelerera. Uppsatsens syfte är att ta reda på hur studenter och hälsoarbetare erfar HIV i Södra Sudan. Utifrån en kvalitativ ansats har sudanesiska studenter och sudanesiska och utländska hälsoarbetare skriftligen svarat på ett antal öppna frågor. Totalt deltog femton personer i studien, alla med erfarenhet av att undervisa i eller delta i workshops om HIV.

Overweight and obesity in children is an extensive and accelerating problem in the western world. The risk factors for overweight are well- known and well-documented. Focus should lie in the prophylactic work in order to prevent overweight and obesity in preschool children. The aim of our study has been to highlight the role of the district nurse in her/his work to prevent overweight and obesity in preschool children. The study was carried out through studies as a literature review.

The sexuality of hivinfected people is quite controversial but nevertheless important when speaking of hivprevention. The aim of this work was to survey and analyze support and counseling practices around sexual issues given to hivpositive people by their treating medical doctors. We wanted to bring the question of hivinfected peoples sexuality and sexual behavior sometimes unprotected and the Swedish legislation and hivprevention efforts under discussion. Based on the results of a questionnaire answered by the doctors, previous research and different social constructionistic and interactionistic theories about the nature of sexuality we made our analysis. We found that the Swedish legislation offers a positive basis for successful hivprevention, but that there are some important obstacles to be overcome in order to really succeed and further reduce the number of new hivinfected people in Sweden.

Bakgrund: Sveriges äldre befolkning ökar samtidigt som medellivslängden bland äldre människor stiger. Forskning visar att malnutrition hos äldre har ökat och fler ligger i riskzonen för att drabbas av malnutrition. Som en konsekvens är det därför troligt att malnutrition som fenomen och problem kommer att öka hos äldre. Malnutrition diagnostiseras inte ofta och uppmärksammas inte tillräckligt inom vården, vilket kan ge negativa effekter hos de äldre.Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa orsaker till malnutrition och konsekvenser av malnutrition hos äldre från sextiofem år.Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt baserad på sexton vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ design.Resultat: Samtliga artiklar berör vad som orsakar malnutrition samt vilka konsekvenser det kan få för äldre. Resultatet i denna studie redovisas i två delar; orsaker till malnutrition (genus, ålder, medicinering och demens) och konsekvenser av malnutrition (försämrad livskvalité, depression (psykisk ohälsa), högre mortalitetsrisk, högre infektionsrisk samt långa sjukhusvistelser).Slutsats: Studien visar att orsaker och konsekvenser av malnutrition hos äldre inte har uppmärksammats tillräckligt då prevalensen av malnutrition är hög och stiger.Klinisk betydelse: Trots att det forskas mycket om malnutrition hos äldre stiger antalet som drabbas av malnutrition.

AbstraktBakgrund: Malnutrition är en av de största hälsoriskerna bland äldre och det har länge varit ett problem inom sjukvården. Till följd av felnäring får patienterna komplikationer. Trots att det finns olika metoder för bedömning av nutritionsstatus är det känt att omvårdnaden kring nutrition är otillräcklig. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa senaste rön i omvårdnadsforskningen kring malnutrition gällande äldre patienter. Metod: Artikelsökningar gjordes i databaser med sökord relaterade till ämnet.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient but a surplus could lead to eutrophication. Furthermore, the minerals used to produce the mineral phosphate is a non renewable resource. There are in other words several reasons to reduce the leakage of P and the agriculture is one important area to attend. The aim of this work has been to investigate if carbon-rich arable soils content contain more P than arable soils with low carbon content. Moreover it has been calculated if the carbon-rich soils could pose a risk of P leakage by comparing their delivery of P with the plant uptake. The work has consisted of compiling the results from former gathered and analysed soil samples of 130 Swedish arable soils. The fractions of P considered are water soluble P (Pw), ammonium lactate-extractable P (P-AL), hydrochloric acid-soluble P (P-HCl), organic ammonium lactate-extractable P (Porg-AL) and inorganic ammonium lactate-extractable P (Porg-HCl).

This is a study that aims to discern whether there are any differences between upper secondary level school textbooks published both before The Living History Forum (a government agency that works with issues on tolerance, democracy and human rights) was founded and after with regards to their depiction of Judaism in general and anti-Semitism and the Holocaust in particular. Underscoring the relevancy of this topic, in 1997 CEIFO (The Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations) and Brå (Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention) conducted a survey among school children which revealed a lack of knowledge regarding the Holocaust (including whether it had even occurred). With this educational deficiency in mind, this study attempts to determine if there is an active development in text-book authoring regarding this subject.Using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis (CDA) eight textbooks (four old and four new) are examined and compared in order to see if there have been changes in discourse regarding this topic over time. Fairclough's critical discourse analysis is a method used to analyse the relationship between discourse and changes in social and cultural development, and is thus employed in this case to determine if any significant changes have been made in textbooks regarding this topic.As a future teacher in religion it is important for me (and others) to be aware of this type of issue in order to be able to combat it when encountered in schools. It is also important, and part of one?s responsibility as a teacher, to actively and critically work with and review textbooks.This study has not found any major changes in the depiction of Judaism and anti-Semitism in any of the textbooks reviewed.

The report contains three parts. The first part is a summary and overall presentation of thermalcracks and preventing measures against such cracks. This is a theoretical part where theinterested designer can get acquainted with various alternatives, be guided to more detailedliterature, and receive some practical information regarding the design of the respectivemeasures.The second part deals with calculation of the risk for thermal cracks and design of water coolingas a limiting measure. Two complementary methods are reviewed for efficient calculation:?the handbook method CraX1(by Lulea University of Technology) is used for quickverification?finite differential analysis in the calculationtool ConTeSt Pro for more precise projectingHere is also presented a development of existing standards through design of the cooling systemby means of the Bernoulli equation.

The fertility of dairy cows is of great importance in order to maintain high production. The decline in fertility of dairy cows the latest decades can have several explanations. The large emphasis on high yielding cows and the negative genetic correlation between milk production and fertility traits could be one of the main factors for impaired fertility. To find heats and inseminate the cow at the right time is crucial to receive high conception rate. Delaval has, in corporation with FOSS, developed Herd Navigator which is a management program that measure four biological parameters in the milk; progesterone, betahydroxybutyrate, lactate dehydrogenase and urea.

Abstract  The development and onset of diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes are closely linked to genetics and lifestyle factors including physical activity and diet. A cluster of metabolic disorders called the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a high-risk factor in developing these diseases. Acording to the International diabetes institute, one fourth of the worlds adult population has MetS. These individuals are twice as likely to die from CVDs compared to individuals without MetS. Physical activity (PA) and exercise has been shown to provide a number of positive effects that are considered to reduce the risk of developing sickness and premature mortality among both men and women of all ages, independent of other risk factors.