During the middle of the 18th century the development of Toyota Production System, TPS, started in order to streamline the processes. TPS was based on the principles of assembly line production but unlike previous performers Toyota let the manufacturing be constantly affected by demand. At the end of the 18th century TPS was described by Womack and Jones in the book "The machine that changed the world - the story of lean producion" where TPS got the name lean. The principles behind lean is to maximize customer value and eliminate waste which means making products and services more valuable to the customer. 1Lean was for a long time a philosophy and an approach limited to industries and production based companies.

AbstractThis study deals with outdoor education together with Swedish language teaching. In my future profession as a teacher I want to be able to offer my pupils varied, discovering and exploring lessons focused on nature. The aim of this study is to throw light upon outdoor teaching, hoping that more people will discover nature as the right place to learn.In my study I have asked these questions:? What is outdoor education?? How can Swedish be taught out of doors?? Why is this method a good complement to the traditional teaching in the classroom?With these questions in wiev I made three qualitative interviews with teachers with different backgrounds. In addition I have planned, taught and evaluated the lesson that is the basis of the result.Outdoor education should be given increasing time in school and be used as a complement to the traditional teaching in the classroom.

 The purpose of this essay is to examine some teachers' reflections on the importance of mathematics in preschool and the importance of language, communication and conceptualization in children's mathematics learning. The study's methodology is based on a qualitative approach, where I interviewed four teachers who work with the 6 -year-olds in two different municipal schools. The study shows the importance of language and communication in mathematics learning. It also shows the importance of the teacher's attitude as well as the educational environment to capture children's curiosity and interest.  Purpose and Issues: The purpose of this study is to investigate some pedagogue?s descriptions of mathematics in the preschool class.

The purpose of this paper was to carry out and evaluate a pedagogic ICT-project, where the computer was implemented in art class. Focus was on the consequences of collaboration and also on the students? understanding of their own performance, compared to techniques in traditional art class.The study was qualitative and began with studies in literature. The contents of the literature are the foundation of the discussion, especially theories concerning the learning process, IT and computer-based learning. In the project, three different groups of students from upper secondary school attended and they where given tasks to solve in the image editing program Paint Shop Pro.

Det finns starka skäl att tro att pengar spelar mer än enbart en materiell roll för våra organisationers styrning, utveckling och beteende. Utgångspunkten för uppsatsen är att det finns en annan sida av myntet som åberopar pengars symboliska värden.  Med en djupdykning i det teoretiska perspektivet om kulturen som ett styrmedel kan vi förstå pengar som det symboliskt indirekta som utgör ett väsentligt verktyg i skapandet av det system som leder till en mer lönsam organisation. Med hjälp av ett kulturellt perspektiv på organisation och ledning kan vi alltså förstå hur vi kan skapa ett system som ökar de anställdas prestation och organisationens effektivitet.  Den återstående frågan är hur vi praktiskt går tillväga.Syftet för uppsatsen är att undersöka hur ledningen kan gå tillväga för att skapa att belöningssystem baserat på kulturella mekanismer som leder till effektivare prestationer och en mer lönsam organisation.För att undersöka hur vi praktiskt kan gå tillväga för att skapa det system som leder oss fram till effektivare prestationer utförs en etnografisk fältstudie av företag Y mot bakgrund av de erfarenheter författaren har med sig från deltagande vid företag X.

This study deals with pedagogical documentation. With a revised preschool curriculum,where this is a crucial aid for illustrating the learning process of children and educators, aswell as demonstrating the activities of the school, it is of the utmost relevance to further explorethis notion. The study focuses on a single municipality and explores the various ways inwhich its preschools do in reality deal with this issue in correlation with the actual visions andgoals set by that municipality. Through a series of qualitative interviews with educators aswell as with the municipality Head of Education, this study outlines how educational documentationis in fact applied in the schools in question. The gathered data has been interpretedwith a power perspective as well as with a sociocultural perspective in mind.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att klarlägga om Högkvarterets arbetssätt och organisation medgeratt Försvarsmakten kan ledas i enlighet med sin ledningsfilosofi. Uppsatsen svarade påföljande huvudfrågeställning; Vilket mervärde ger det att använda olikaorganisationsteoretiska resonemang och perspektiv vid en studie av Försvarsmaktensledningsorganisation? Den Högkvartersorganisation som studerades var HKV 03, fokus lågpå central nivå och det var materialet Högkvarteret använde för att kommunicera sinledningsfilosofi, organisation och arbetssätt till övriga i organisationen som användes somkällor. Den teoretiska ramen utgjordes främsta av Bolman & Deals nya framgångsfaktoreroch Ashkenas fyra perspektiv att studera organisationer på. I uppsatsen användes en kvalitativmetod med en kombination av induktiv och deduktiv ansats och ett hermeneutisktförhållningssätt.

AbstractOur study deals with intrapreneurship in local activity. The main purpose of this study is to understand, explain and develop the concept of intrapreneurship in local activity with the help of existing information, our discussion, and reasoning and with the help of theoretical concepts. One reason for the choice of this topic was our pure curiosity towards this quite unique and unexplored phenomenon. We know that the term intrapreneurship in local activity has not existed longer than about ten years and the amount of existing thesis of intrapreneurship in local activity is very few. The information about intrapreneurship in local activity is mainly collected by studying Örebro´s intrapreneurship policies but also by studying other local authorities in Eksjö, Umeå and Västra-Götaland.

The purpose of this study is to find out how the teachers in preschool work with mathematics. How educators working to promote children's mathematics learning and how educators visualize math work. How they plan, implement and document the work of mathematics. I also want to find out how legal guardians perceive their children's mathematics learning in preschool.I have chosen to do interviews with the educators and survey legal guardians to make visible the work of mathematics in kindergarten. I interviewed six teachers who work at both younger and older children department.

The aim with this study is to explore if and how linguistic learning takes places when four pairs ofstudents in grade one writes on the computer. Observations of eight students took place duringtwelve lessons to investigate what happened during their writing processes. This study isimportant because students? computer writing is a relatively new phenomenon in the Swedishprimary school.It is clear that the peer collaboration creates a complex interaction that becomes the platform, andalso the prerequisite, for successful language training. The method can clearly give students profitsin their linguistic development.

SammanfattningI denna uppsats undersöktes en mindre kommun i Sverige som har gjort om sin politiska och tjänstemannamässiga organisation under de sista 20 åren. Jag ville ta reda på varför man förändrade sin organisation och hur skolorganisationen uppfattas idag 2010. Undersökningen har gjorts genom intervjuer och forskning av protokoll och kommunala rapporter. Ett svar jag fick genom min undersökning, angående varför man har förändrat sin organisation var att man ansåg att den tidigare organisationen var förlegad och skapade stuprör. Man ansåg att dagens samhälle var för komplext för den gamla organisationen.  Resultatet av undersökningen av vad som äger rum inom skolorganisationen är att det skiljer sig mellan papper och verklighet i uppfattning.

 I denna uppsats undersöktes en mindre kommun i Sverige som har gjort om sin politiska och tjänstemannamässiga organisation under de sista 20 åren. Jag ville ta reda på varför man förändrade sin organisation och hur skolorganisationen uppfattas idag 2010. Undersökningen har gjorts genom intervjuer och forskning av protokoll och kommunala rapporter. Ett svar jag fick genom min undersökning, angående varför man har förändrat sin organisation var att man ansåg att den tidigare organisationen var förlegad och skapade stuprör. Man ansåg att dagens samhälle var för komplext för den gamla organisationen.  Resultatet av undersökningen av vad som äger rum inom skolorganisationen är att det skiljer sig mellan papper och verklighet i uppfattning.

The aim of the thesis was to better understand how second language learners becomes lingual participants in a Swedish preschool. Using the following research questions: In what situations are SLLs lingual participants at the preschool? What does their emerging language look like? Are the participation any different considering children's time in the new L2 context? What kind of support does SLLs receive at the preschool?Two focal children at the same preschool was studied with ethnography of communication as method. The focal children chosen were one girl (Mandarin L1, 4.0 yrs) who arrived to Sweden and started the preschool two months ago at the time of the study, the other a boy (Serbian L1, 3.9 yrs) who started preschool and learning the L2 one year and two months before the study. Situations where the focal children interacted with other children or adults were analyzed. Results showed that the focal children in interaction with each other understands some of the others intentions before being able to speak about them in the L2.

ABSTRACTSofie Haag: Yrke: Operaproducent. En studie av operaproducentens roll och betydelse Sverige 2008. Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för musikvetenskap, 2009.The aim of this essay is to provide a better understanding of the role of the Swedish opera producer (often called "production manager") and the opera organisation in which he/she works. Very little has been written about this role, in Sweden as well as internationally. To fill this apparent gap, this study presents the results of inteviews with representatives of ten of Swedens´opera organisations, as well as three case studies.

Syftet med studien är att kartlägga hur kunskap, attityd och beteende samverkar kring begreppet jämställdhet. En enkätundersökning genomfördes till ett specifikt utvald organisation. Enkäten är både kvantitativ och kvalitativ. Resultatet visar att det inom denna organisation finns en kunskapsbrist av ett jämställdhetsarbete, det går även att se en koppling mellan attityder och den befintliga kunskapen. Kopplingen mellan attityd och beteende är dock svag.