AbstraktI detta arbete underso?ks den spra?kliga fo?ra?ndring som skett i ungdomsbo?cker fra?n 1950- och 60- talet med ungdomsbo?cker fra?n 2000- och 2010-talet. Jag ja?mfo?r ungdomsbo?ckernas fo?ra?ndring med fo?ra?ndringen hos deckarbo?cker under samma period. I underso?kningen sammansta?lls ca 60 grafiska meningar ur vardera 17 bo?cker fo?rdelat pa? fyra kategorier: Fyra ungdomsbo?cker fra?n 1950-1965 samt fyra ifra?n 2000-2015.

Powder Metal (PM) gears are machine element components which operate under the same principle as conventional gears, but, due to their intrinsic material characteristic need to be designed slightly different, and its manufacturing process offers advantages previously unobtainable by conventional steel gear manufacturing methods. The use of PM in similar applications, such as synchronous hubs, makes them a suitable candidate for production in such material. The current master thesis work focuses on gear design using PM by utilizing finite element method (FEM) to reduce weight and inertia taking into account root bending strength and tooth deflection.First a topological optimization is used to determine feasible candidates for different web designs which have as objective to reduce volume, similar topologies were shown during different loading conditions; and hence, this topology was chosen as a suitable candidate. A shape optimization of the topological candidate was performed having as state variables root bending strength, independent for compressive and tensile side of the tooth loading; and tooth deflection, which in concept can be correlated to static transmission error (TE).Another aspect in this thesis analysed is the possibility to incorporate non-trochoid root geometry, a trochoid root is always present when machining with a hob, into the gear root and hence reduce the stress concentration here. Due to the use of PM, a non-symmetric optimized root can be achieved and hence be optimizing compression and tension.Results showed significantly lower inertia, for example certain results showed 40% reduced when compared to solid gear, with adverse effects as increase in tooth deformation and increase in maximum principal stress.

In this work, a method was developed and evaluated for calculating the life of welds under the influence of fatigue loads from a vibration environment. Typically, a shaker table is used for testing a component against vibration loads. The shaker table creates a vibration environment that is defined in the frequency domain by a power spectrum.Similarly, a virtual vibration table can be used to calculate the same type of load environment, which can then be used to calculate the expected lifetime. The benefit of this method is that it can be used in design, as well as in simulation of tests before physical verification tests are carried out.Today there are methods for calculating fatigue life of non-welded base material, but since many components contain welded joints, there is a need to apply this method to those types as well. To achieve this, the thesis combines two different areas, which together provide a method for fatigue assessment of welds using a virtual shaker table.The methodology is carried out by modeling the component, and its welded joints, in a finite element program.

I denna uppsats undersöks nollinstansiering av objektsargument tillverben läsa och döda. Med andra ord undersöks användning av dessaverb utan uttryckt objekt, som i Erik låg på sängen och läste ochrökning dödar.Syftet med uppsatsen är tudelat. Det ena syftet är att undersöka vilkagrammatiska konstruktioner som förekommer tillsammans med verbenläsa och döda när objekten är nollinstansierade enligt indefinitnollinstansiering (INI) och definit nollinstansiering (DNI) (Fillmore1986). Det andra syftet är att undersöka om INI och DNI är sinsemellanlika vanligt i detta material, eller om den ena typen av nollinstansieringär vanligare än den andra. Varken de samförekommandekonstruktionerna eller fördelningen mellan INI och DNI har undersöktssystematiskt och empiriskt i tidigare studier.

Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att föra förståelsen av vilka kriterier som styrvalet mellan mer och fler, i svenska språket, en liten bit framåt.Uppsatsens bisyfte är dels att föra förståelsen av vilka kriterier som styrvalet mellan mer och mera framåt, dels att föra förståelsen av vilkakriterier som styr valet mellan fler och flera framåt. För att genomföradetta använder jag mig av två verktyg: empiri och introspektion.Materialet är hämtat från Gp03a och består av 679 meningar.Materialet har analyserats syntaktiskt, semantiskt och fonologiskt. Vidden syntaktiska analysen har jag ur materialet urskiljt fem nominalakonstruktionstyper och en adverbiell konstruktionstyp. Jag har ävengjort en sammanräkning av vilken satsledsfunktion som frasen sommyckenhetspronomenet ingår i har. Den semantiska analysen hargenomförts genom att konstruktionens substantiv kategoriserats enligten semantisk analysmodell som baseras på Svenska AkademiensGrammatik (Teleman et.

Due to recent legal enactments regarding carbon dioxide emissions, the car industry is facing higher demands. An effective way of reducing these emissions is to minimize the weight of the vehicle. This thesis constitutes a feasibility study on whether or not it is applicable for the car industry to utilize an inner floor structure comprising composite materials. The principal was the projectSåNätt, in which the main participant was Volvo Cars Corp. In consultation with a reference group, consisting of delegates from the industry and KTH, a specification of requirements was produced.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka språket i en läromedelstext för att få en uppfattning om textens svårighetsgrad för vuxna andraspråksläsare på gymnasienivå. Hypotesen var att läromedelstexten saknade vissa språkliga drag som kan underlätta läsförståelsen för andraspråksläsare.Utgångspunkten var att göra en kvalitativ studie genom att beskriva texten utifrån vad som kännetecknar den och de aspekter som undersöktes var textbindning och röst. Men eftersom omfattningen av förekomsten av vissa språkliga drag undersöktes var metoden delvis kvantitativ. Den textbindning som undersöktes var referensbindning och konnektivbindning i form av kausalitet. Vad gäller aspekten röst undersöktes om texten präglades av aktivitet, d.v.s.

As a consequence of increasing wind power installations in the Nordic grid the last years, the need for regulating power has become larger. In the Nordic grid, regulating power is mainly provided by hydro power. One part of the regulating power is called frequency control, which ensures that the grid frequency is stable and close to 50 Hz.However, setting the turbine into frequency controlled operation may cause stress and wear of the components in the mechanical control system. Frequency controlling implies large and frequent servo forces and longer travelling distance of the sliding bearings in the Kaplan turbine.Based on one selected Kaplan turbine, Selsfors G1, measurements and MATLAB calculations have been performed in order to determine forces and movements of the linkage system. With these forces and movements as input, stresses and fatigue have been determined as well as sliding distances, bearing pressures and wear of bearings during a typical lifetime of 40 years.The results indicate that no severe wear exists on the bearings during 40 years of service.

Tractors of today come equipped with a CAN-system. A CAN-system sends information from sensors to electronic control units who process the signals. The sensors measure several interesting parameters such as force, pressure and speed for various components of the tractor. This thesis discuss a force sensor which is placed in the pivot of the tractors three point linkage, the sensor measure the horizontal reaction force from the load that the tractor is exposed to. Signals from this sensor can be used to measure the force from any implement that the tractor is exposed to during an operation.

After the last is age there was a long period when there was no shortage of forest for peoples needs. People living in Sweden could use the forest resources at their will. Around 4000 years BC the inhabitants of southern Sweden started to use the agricultural system and people become more stationary. The farms were located together in groups and together they formed a social association, the village. Successively the population grew and in some areas the forest started to become a finite resource.

REINERTSEN AS performs expansion and buckling analyses of pipelines using ANSYS, afinite element modelling and analysis tool. In an expansion analysis the pipeline is modelledwith thin?walled pipe elements called PIPE20 which allows plastic deformation. However, ina recent analysis the results retrieved from the PIPE20 element were incorrect for strainsabout 1 percent. One main issue was that the PIPE20 element overestimated the strains.The purpose with this Master Thesis was to become familiar with the theories and analysismethods used in pipeline design.

Comfort analyses regarding human induced vibrationsIt is not too common among civil engineers in Sweden to perform comfort analyses considering the vibrations caused by human activities. In addition, the Swedish standards lack requirements to be used for comfort analyses in design of floor-systems. The demand for large spans in combination with slender slabs, is today a reason to investigate the floor-system constructions, in order to prevent disturbing vibrations and oscillations.The purpose of this thesis is to create a guide for how a comfort analysis, considering vibrations, should be implemented. Göran Svedenbjörk who is an expert in structural dynamics has been interviewed where he presents his latest project Värtaterminalen and answers some questions about vibrations due to human activities.Floor-systems, consisting of concrete slabs supported by steel or concrete beams, have been investigated with simulations in the finite element program Abaqus. In the simulations, the influence of various factors on the natural frequency of floor-systems and the acceleration level caused by dynamic loads, is studied.

The need for snow-free surfaces at squares, bus stops, platforms, car parks and sports facilities increases and at the same time energy price rise and the environment is becoming a hotter issue. The construction of the ground heating systems often lack thermal insulation under the heating pipes, which means that the heat from the pipes not only warm up the soil surface but also heats the surrounding soil. The insulation also has more features, by insulating the risk of frost damage is minimized. The goal of this report is to demonstrate the large heat loss and energy costs in the absence of insulation under the heating system.The report begins with a scientific way to study and treating the soil heating system uses, and the theory involved. Furthermore it also deals with different routing principles of heat pipes depending on the facility.All calculations are made with so called finite element method (FEM), in COMSOL Multiphysics 3,5a, where models are created with different conditions.

Grundsyftet med denna experimentella minnesstudie var att jämföra två minnesteknikers effektivitet på associativt minne hos en studentpopulation. Vidare undersöktes hur minnesteknikerna i kombination med divergent tänkande eller genereringseffekten påverkar associativt minne. 32 psykologstudenter genomförde hela testet där de först utförde alternate uses task för att mäta individuella skillnader i divergent tänkande. Testpersonerna studerade sedan 89 ordpar antingen genom tekniken enhetskapande där ett enhetligt objekt gjordes av ordparet (ex. fruktlampa) eller satsbyggande där orden sattes in separat i en mening tillsammans med ett opassande verb (ex.

In the last decades, high speed cutting has become an attractive technology in the wood industry. The possibility of reducing global costs in addiction with an increase in productivity, were the main reasons for the enlargement of the use of this technology. As usual, these advantages are accompanied by disadvantages that should be carefully analyzed. If on the one hand cutting forces are reduced with increasing cutting speeds, on the other hand, the centrifugal forces affecting the tool are higher. Exposed to such high loads, there is a considerable risk of tool failure that embeds hazards for both machine and workers.