The goal of this paper is to provide a model for a sustainable electricity system to an island, in the Pacific Ocean near the equator.The method which has been used is to model supply and demand of electricity in the computer program Stella, through the creation of a dynamic system that balances them against each other. The result from the model will then be used to calculate the electricity price per kWh for the island.The result of the work is that electricity from solar energy is comparable with electricity produced from oil, if the oil pays for all its external costs, and the potential for pumped hydro storage plants is located. It also requires that consumers of electricity can be their own producers to avoid the expenditure of tax and reducing the cost of distribution. But since oil is a finite resource and has had a rising cost in recent years, while solar energy has had a declining cost, perhaps this will be a more competitive solution in the future.

Då stora vägprojekt ska utredas genomförs en samhällsekonomisk kalkyl för att ta reda på hur stor nyttan av projektet blir för samhället. Det kan vara komplicerat att ekonomiskt värdera de olika ingående delarna samt att veta vilka parametrar som verkligen ger effekt i projektet. I storstäderna gör den högre tätheten att andra konsekvenser för ekonomin, miljön, kapacitetsutnyttjande med mera blir annorlunda än på landsbygden, andra brister uppkommer i beräkningsverktygen. Utifrån en belysning av de problem som finns i dagens beräkningsmetod ges förslag till utveckling av beräkningsverktyget EVA (Effektberäkning vid väganalyser) och Effektsamband 2000 genom att ta fram förslag för hur kostnader eventuellt skulle kunna hanteras i beräkningarna. De brister i beräkningsmodellerna som har framkommit gäller bland annat deras enkelhet i storstadsanalyser och att de inte är flexibla.

Då stora vägprojekt ska utredas genomförs en samhällsekonomisk kalkyl för att ta reda på hur stor nyttan av projektet blir för samhället. Det kan vara komplicerat att ekonomiskt värdera de olika ingående delarna samt att veta vilka parametrar som verkligen ger effekt i projektet. I storstäderna gör den högre tätheten att andra konsekvenser för ekonomin, miljön, kapacitetsutnyttjande med mera blir annorlunda än på landsbygden, andra brister uppkommer i beräkningsverktygen. Utifrån en belysning av de problem som finns i dagens beräkningsmetod ges förslag till utveckling av beräkningsverktyget EVA (Effektberäkning vid väganalyser) och Effektsamband 2000 genom att ta fram förslag för hur kostnader eventuellt skulle kunna hanteras i beräkningarna. De brister i beräkningsmodellerna som har framkommit gäller bland annat deras enkelhet i storstadsanalyser och att de inte är flexibla. I beräkningarna tas inte heller de ökade samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna upp som uppstår då innerstadsnära bostads- och kontorsbyggen inte blir av.

Med ett energikombinat vid Lillesjöverket vill Uddevalla Energi energieffektivisera samt sänka temperatur på återkommande fjärrvärmevatten, för att kunna utnyttja rökgaskondensorn effektivare. Uppdraget var att utreda mängden tillgänglig energi under sommarhalvåret och utföra en matematisk kalkyl som ska ligga till grund för val av tork. Valet stod mellan två alternativ av tork där storlek på värmeväxlararea och investeringskostnad skilde dem åt. Sedan följde dimensionering av fjärrvärmeledning samt cirkulationspump från fjärrvärmenätet till tork. Syftet var att ge Uddevalla Energi ett tekniskt beslutsunderlag för val av storlek på tork samt dimensionering av energiöverföring till densamma.

Life Cycle Cost, often abbreviated as LCC, is a common tool for comparing the total cost of different alternatives, such as heating and cooling methods. Common heating and cooling methods in Sweden are geothermal energy, district heating and district cooling. This report aims to evaluate how different heating and cooling methods differ from each other while being applied on three different types of buildings, using selected LCC-models. Information about the selected LCC-models wasretrieved from each separate model and its website. Reports and agencies were used as sources for information about the heating and cooling methods.

Driveability analysis of terrain data offers an important technique for decision support for all kinds of movements in the terrain. The work described in this report uses a high resolution digital terrain model generated from the laser radar data and further processed by the Category Viewer program, and information from the Real Estate Map. Properties of features found in a filtering process are calculated and compared with a set of rules in a knowledge base to get a driveability cost. This cost is then visualized in a graphical user interface. An evaluation of what driveability is and what it is affected by is performed, and a general cost function is developed, which can be used even if not all relevant information is available.

This thesis analyses the cost accounting system KPP and its use within the Swedish health care. KPP is designed to calculate and assign health care costs to individual patients. This would facilitate evaluations and comparisons of the costs for certain diagnosis, patient groups or clinics with a different mix of diagnosis. The study investigates the following questions: 1. Does the KPP-model theoretically work as a cost accounting tool for health care purposes? 2.

Tomo Hugglink (TOMO Skog) is an innovation for harvest and transport of biofuels. The system consists of a truck, a chipping unit and crane mounted on a link and a wood chip trailer. The system works in such a way that the chipping unit is disconnected and placed on the site and wood chips are loaded directly into the wood chip trailer.The aim of this study was:- To examine the performance of the TOMO Hugglink system under different conditions such as the size, placement and quality of the pile.- To calculate the cost per raw ton for two vehicle combinations at different transport distances and to examine the effect of a reduction in set-up time and an increase in load weight.- To identify possible improvements with the TOMO Hugglink system.A time study was conducted within the thesis work to make it possible to determine production and time consumption. In the subsequent economic analysis the cost per tone at different transport distances was calculated for two different lorry concepts. Furthermore the effect of a reduction in set-up time and an increase in load weight was calculated.Under current conditions the utilization of the chipper is low and only 29 % of the total system time is occupied by chipping.

With the elevated oil prices of today it is necessary to look for other heating alternatives. If the oil price continues to develop in the same way it has done the last years it will soon be impossible for many producing garden companies to survive. The purpose of this diploma work is to compare three different fuel options in order to find the most economic one considering the conditions of Katrinebergs Handelsträdgård AB. In relation to oil it is profitable to change to any of the three alternatives: wood chips, wood pellets and grain. The most profitable option is to change to wood chips. This alternative has a payoff time less than three years and after that the annual saving compared to the oil is relatively high. The annual cost is 65 % of the cost of the oil alternative.

Since 1996 the Swedish households have ten folded their volume of loans for own homes that is attached to a floating interest rate. Also in 1996 the Swedish electric market was deregulated. These two facts have increased the volatility in the household expenses for these two commodities. This thesis studies the risk for homeowners attached to the exposure against the electric and the credit market. The risk model used is Cost-at-Risk which is usually used by public authorities for analysing the risk involved with national debt.

As IT service departments in organisations are becoming more complex and customised, the indirect costs are increasing in relation to the total costs. The difficulty of fully estimating and identifying the spread of the cost in the IT service department is increasing. As a result, firms tend to budget the business unit as a total cost rather than as a spread of defined costs. In order to deal with this challenge an ABC calculation will be applied. The Time Driven ABC model will be conducted in OMX´s Servicedesk unit within the IT services.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka huruvida utsattheten för ?sunk cost-effect? och förankringseffekten ökade vid intuitivt processande jämfört med analytiskt processande. Deltagarna i studien var 78 studedenter vid psykologiska institutionen vid Göteborgs Universitet. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom en pappersenkät. En 2 × 2 - vägs ANOVA avseende bias och process gjordes för både ?sunk cost effect? och förankringseffekten i en mellanindividdesign.

Energy efficiency has become a very topical issue that has been discussed throughout the European Union for preventing negative environmental impacts that have been associated with the consumption of energy. In the residential sector have mainly municipalities set strict requirements for the reduction of energy consumption while the renewable energy has been asked. Different concepts of low-energy buildings have been developed to reduce the cost of operation and maintenance in existing buildings such as in new ones.This thesis has aimed to minimize the energy cost of a large building which has had low energy consumption features originally. Energy reviews has been initiated in order to be able for showing how the house electricity could be carried out even more efficiently.The work was initiated through a literature study to clearly increase the reliability on the energy subject. Different concepts of low-energy buildings have been treated in connection with its specifications, afterward those have been compared with the obtained results.

Sweden?s District councils and Country councils are in itself to a large extent responsible for the state financed welfare. Because of this, Sweden has a contribution- and adjustment system. The reason for this system is to create equal chance, for all District councils and Country councils, to be able to give the citizens service independently of their income and non-influential structural differences. The adjustment is built upon the so-called standard cost method, which contains four different parts.

The objective of this thesis was to develop a method for the planning of road upgrading at Holmen Skog, a Swedish forest company. A critical issue for creating such plans is to identify roads that are suitable to upgrade to a standard that can handle heavy traffic during spring thaw, since spring thaw is a bottle neck for transporting timber. The method was tested in a case study at a district. The work consisted of two parts. The first was to retrieve and prepare geographical data for the roads.