Vid dysfagi är pneumoni en vanlig komplikation som ger ökade kostnader för vården, ett ökat lidande för patienter samt leder till fler dödsfall. Omvårdnadsåtgärder som minskar risken för pneumoni är därför av betydelse att identifiera. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att i vetenskapliga artiklar identifiera omvårdnadsåtgärder sjuksköterskan kan tillämpa som minskar risken för pneumoni vid dysfagi. I tio vetenskapliga artiklar utlästes sex kategorier via databearbetning. I resultatet identifierades att vinkeln på ryggen i sittande läge var viktigt att ta hänsyn till, användningen av vätskor med låg viskositet hade en förebyggande effekt och en intervention där hakan fälldes ner mot bröstet vid sväljning skyddade mot aspiration.

This qualitative research is a contribution to the ongoing debate among marketing researchers regarding if there is a dominant paradigm and viewpoint of marketing and which one is the most appropriate. In this study current views of marketing are identified and then compared against the older Goods-Dominant Logic of Marketing and Vargos? and Luschs? alternative Service-Dominant Logic of Marketing. The trends that have been observed are situated in the framework of Thomas S. Kuhn?s philosophy of science.

Background: To wait on an emergency department is a reflected and well-documented problem. Thou it´s mainly due to a patient perspective should also nurses' perspectives be significant to obtain a faceted perception of the phenomenon.Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how nurses perceive the phenomenon of anticipation of a somatic emergency department.Method: The analysis was performed using a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted in a medium-sized hospital in southern Sweden, during the latter part of 2005, and had a qualitative approach based on a lifeworld perspective. Data collection consisted of written stories from twelve nurses.Results: The results indicated that the waiting was the scene of the expectations. These expectations led to dilemmas, powerlessness and frustration, the more the phenomenon was allowed to stand.

The centre of attention in this essay is on public-private-partnerships in Swedish city planning. It discusses the phenomenon and tries to identify the problems and possibilities that may appear when private and public actors are trying to work together to plan new cities or parts of cities in a process with network structures. The main questions that is asked is ?what vision for the city can we se, and who's vision is it?? together with the question of where the actual power to make the city plan and the vision can be find. The soon-to-be-built area Ulriksdal in Stockholm were Peab AB and Solna Stad stands as main actors has been chosen to illustrate the possible problems and is analysed from different angles, but the writers intention is also to say something on the matter in general.

Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka vår litterära kompetens genom att studera ett litterärt verk. I vår forskning har vi studerat vår egen litterära kompetens genom att läsa och analysera Alice i Underlandet av Lewis Carroll med hjälp av en tematisk textanalys med temadefinitionen av Romberg (1987). Sedan har vi jämfört vår analys med olika litteraturforskares analyser av samma verk. I jämförelsen har vi valt att använda oss av en teoretisk modell om litterär kompetens av Torell (2002) för att kunna urskilja hur vi läser litteratur och vilka kompetenser ur Torells modell som vi besitter. Vad vi kom fram till i forskningen var att vi bland annat frekvent använder oss av subjektiva och erfarenhetsbundna tolkningar när vi analyserar och ofta brister i kompetenser som innebär ett bredare förhållningssätt till mönster och strukturer.

Shivering är ett fenomen som uppstår hos patienterna postoperativt. Det innebär att patienten har okontrollerbara muskelskälvningar som gör att patienten darrar, skälver eller huttrar i mer än 15 sekunder. Shivering påverkar kroppen negativt, men är också obehagligt och ett onödigt lidande för patienten. I takt med den tekniska utvecklingen utarbetas nya operationstekniker och idag utförs flera operationer med laparoskopisk teknik. Pilotstudiens syfte var att undersöka före-komsten av postoperativ shivering hos patienter som opererats med laparoskopisk teknik.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka vardagsföreställningar 4-5-åringar har kring naturvetenskapliga fenomen, i detta fall regn och vattnets kretslopp. Detta undersöktes med hjälp av individuella kvalitativa intervjuer, vilka videofilmades och transkriberades. Ett kodningsschema grundat på tidigare studier användes vid dataanalysen. Resultatet visar bland annat att flertalet av barnen, fem av sju, har en initial förståelse av vattnets kretslopp då de ofullständigt förklarar begreppen avdunstning respektive avrinning, samt att regn kommer från moln. Barnen förklarar även att det regnar på grund av att moln krockar, det blåser alternativt att Gud eller solen släpper regnet.

Background: To wait on an emergency department is a reflected and well-documented problem. Thou it´s mainly due to a patient perspective should also nurses' perspectives be significant to obtain a faceted perception of the phenomenon.Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how nurses perceive the phenomenon of anticipation of a somatic emergency department.Method: The analysis was performed using a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted in a medium-sized hospital in southern Sweden, during the latter part of 2005, and had a qualitative approach based on a lifeworld perspective. Data collection consisted of written stories from twelve nurses.Results: The results indicated that the waiting was the scene of the expectations. These expectations led to dilemmas, powerlessness and frustration, the more the phenomenon was allowed to stand.

Written declarations in the European Parliament have not been given muchattention in the field of political science. The scope of this Master's thesis is toexamine whether symbolic politics are present in written declarations and howthis may show. In this study, the aspects of symbolic politics of writtendeclarations of the sixth parliamentary term are examined using a taxonomy foridentifying symbolic politics developed by Peter Santesson-Wilson. Thetaxonomy is applied on 15 written declarations, all adopted by the EuropeanParliament, dealing with a variety of EU-related issues, ranging from July 2004 toJuly 2008.The main findings of the study show that symbolic politics is a presentphenomenon in nearly all written declarations (13 out of 15 cases) subject to thisstudy.In the final chapter of this study inter alia symbolic politics as a deliberateaction is discussed in the view of written declarations. Irrespective of this, onecould say that symbolic politics are institutionalised in the European Parliament,at least when it comes to written declarations..

AbstraktThe purpose of this study is to examine how Swedish politicians and textbooks in social science choose to describe communism, this in order to see if there is a main discourse that controls what communism is associated with. The study is structured by the following question: How does Swedish politicians and textbooks choose to describe communism, is there a main discourse that controls how language is used? The method chosen for the analysis is discourse analysis. Chain analogy is used to structure the studied texts discursive content. Four textbooks in social science are analyzed and a number of public government documents that contains discussions about communism and the agency Forum för levande historia.The analysis shows that there is a clear discourse among leading politicians that dictates that communism is to be associated with a spectrum of negative words and concepts, but when it comes to the textbooks there isn?t an equally clear discourse and the textbooks differ among themselves in general content.

Intranet is today a common technical groupware to communicate in many organisations. People can interact through the Intranet and communicate within the organization and get relevant information according to their workplace. It can be difficult to get everybody to use the Intranet as an information- and communication tool. This causes problems when people want to reach out with information. With these thoughts we entered our work at Luftfartsverket at Arlanda airport.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate nurses? experiences of caring for palliative patients in palliative home care, and to examine the coping strategies they use.Method: The study was empirical descriptive with qualitative approach. The data was collected by nine semi-structured interviews and analyzed by using manifest content analysis.Result: By analysing data three categories: Positive experiences of palliative home care, Stressful experiences of palliative home care and Problem-focused coping strategies, and 15 subcategories, were distinguished.Conclusion: Experiences of palliative home care were both of positive and challenging characters. Stressful situations were managed by problem-focused coping strategies. Nurses are in need of the work situation at home to become more ergonomic and designed to protect the nurse?s physical wellbeing.

Denna uppsats avser att belysa frågan varför prototyper är ett viktigt verktyg i en utvecklingsprocess av ett mobilt system. Fördelar och nackdelar som verktyget kan innebära behandlas och olika tillvägagångssätt beskrivs. Arbetet med detta baseras i ett praktiskt utvecklingsprojekt på IT-kunsultföretaget Citerus. Projektuppgiften var där att genom en informationflödesanalys definiera olika flaskhalsar i informationsflödet på olika hotell för att sedan föreslå ett effektiviserande system. Projektet koncentrerades vidare på städpersonalen och deras arbete. Utifrån fortsatta studier föreslogs ett mobilt system som ger städpersonalen information för att lättare och effektivare göra sitt jobb. I flera olika forskningsdiscipliner som berör design och systemutveckling förespråkas ett utvecklingssätt med hjälp av prototyper.

Syftet med undersökningen var att undersöka klassrumsinteraktionen i två sjundeklasser med elever med blandade språkbakgrunder. Undersökningen innehåller ett undervisningsförsök där eleverna i smågrupper skulle omsätta innehållet i en faktatext till en bild. Genom observationer, bandinspelningar och intervjuer undersöktes kommunikationen i smågrupperna. Bilder samlades in och analyserades. Det visade sig att klassruminteraktionen mestadels var monologisk men med en strävan från lärarens sida att få eleverna mer delaktiga. Kommunikationsmönstret skilde sig åt mellan grupperna, några diskuterade mycket medan andra ritade under tystnad.

Within the political science research it is common to examine the effects on the national parliaments caused by European integration. In this Bachelor Thesis the aim is instead to show what involvement of the national parliaments in the European Union implicates to the European integration process.The object of examination is the introduction of the parliaments as supervisors of draft legislative acts, this is also known as ?the Early Warning Mechanism?, through the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty. An analysis of answers from the national parliaments in the tests of three pilot cases, conducted by the COSAC, is made with help of Institutional theory and an Europeanization perspective.The main findings show that the mechanism of early warning probably will not become an obstacle for continued European integration, but it could slow down the process in some areas. Most probably though is that the mechanism forces the national parliaments to adapt and to be better equipped to react at events taking place at the European level.