Ultrasound is a diagnostic aid often overlooked by the veterinary practicioner who works with farm-animals. However, it?s use increases, particulary for breeders where Ultrasound has long been used to evaluate ovaries and to diagnose pregnancy or disturbances in reproduction. There is much knowledge in how to examine ovaries and uterus by transrectal Ultrasound, but when it comes to doing Ultrasound of other organs in the abdomen the knowledge is more limited. Cows are very large animals, so it is not possible to examine everything inside the abdomen with Ultrasound, simply because the Ultrasound beam has a limited penetration. There is also lots of gas inside the gastro-intestinal tract of a cow, mainly in the large intestine and the rumen, and that makes it impossible to examine the organs behind the gas since the Ultrasound waves are reflected when reaching the soft tissue-gas interface.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to explore and illustrate how Ultrasound midwives and medical specialist in obstetrics and gynecology believe the information given to parents about the genetic soft markers should be handled.Design: A quantitative questionnaire study with cross-sectional design. Participants: 44 Ultrasound midwives and 37 medical specialists in obstetrics and gynecology.Findings: Most of the participants would like to inform before the Ultrasound starts that they will be looking for genetic softmarkers during the Ultrasound. Likewise the majority wanted to inform the parents about possible increases in the risk for chromosomal abnormalities based on findings on the routine Ultrasound. There was a difference in frequency between those who responded that they would like to inform before the Ultrasound that they will be looking for genetic softmarkers and those who responded that they believe the future parents wants information before the examination.Key conclusions: It could help health care professionals in their role as information providers if there were common recommendations for the information to be given to future parents about genetic softmarkers in connection with the routine Ultrasound.

Ultrasound is a well established diagnostic method in small animal veterinary practice but there appears to be limited use of Ultrasound for evaluating the musculoskeletal system. The aim of this study was to investigate what publications exist concerning musculoskeletal Ultrasound of dogs and to compare the use of musculoskeletal Ultrasound at the University Animal Hospital (UDS) in Uppsala, to other animal hospitals in the world. The literature review is divided into three parts, the front leg, the hind leg and miscellaneous. The literature review focuses on the musculoskeletal abnormalities that can be seen with Ultrasound. The front and hind leg sections are mainly focused on the joints.

Lameness from the carpus is not unusual in the horse. Multiple soft tissue structures such as tendons, ligaments, the joint capsule and synovial structures can be the originating source. All these structures can be examined with Ultrasound, although a description of a systematic examination method is lacking. That is ? which structures, what they look like in an Ultrasound examination, how to look at them in the best way, and in what order.

Ultrasound is still a relatively new method for the diagnosis of abdominal conditions in cattle. The objective of this study is to evaluate Ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for the common diseases affecting high-producing dairy cattle, for example traumatic reticuloperitonitis, right- and left displacement of the abomasum, fatty liver, wound infections and abscesses. This paper is a combined litterature study and a report of the results from Ultrasound examinations of bovine patients at the ruminant clinic at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. The study includes two healthy cows from the ruminant clinic, and seven patients with abdominal related diseases. The examinations were made with a 2-6 MHz curvilinear transducer and both the right and left sides of the abdomen were scanned.

This study was performed in order to investigate the difficulty in diagnosing retrobulbar disease with Ultrasound. A retrospective study was accomplished to investigate the use of Ultrasound in patients with suspected retrobulbar problems, and how often the examination is diagnostic. The computer based patient files, at the University of Agricultural Science in Uppsala, were searched for dogs with suspected retrobulbar disease. During 1999-01-01-2004-04-14, 14 patients fulfilling the search criteria were found. The patient records were studied, and the written reports from the Ultrasound examinations were compared with the printed pictures from the examinations.

Acute bacterial prostatitis is a common disease in older male dogs. It gives symptoms such as fever, pain, tiredness, infertility, unwillingness to mate and sometimes symptoms from the urinary tract. It is common that you do an Ultrasound exam on dogs when you suspect prostatic changes. In this study 15 dogs diagnosed with acute prostatitis at the small animal clinic at SLU in Uppsala were examined. The clinical signs and the Ultrasound pictures were put together in retrospect.

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats. Maine coon is one of the breeds where the disease is overrepresented. Studies have shown that HCM is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in Maine Coon cats. This finding has led to cardiac screening using Ultrasound in the breed. The results of the screening are used in a national breeding program constructed to reduce the spread and incidence of HCM in Maine Coon cats.

After parturition the energy demand for milk production is greater then the energy provided from the diet. The cow mobilises therefore body tissues to compensate for the energy loss. Live weight and body condition scores decreases as a consequence of the mobilisation. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between body condition score, live weight and subcutaneous fat depth measured by Ultrasound and the changes during the lactation. Possible differences between Swedish Holstein (SLB) and Swedish Red and White Cattle (SRB) were also investigated.

Today, our cows experience a harder pressure to achieve higher milk yield. To manage this challenge the animal needs first class feeding and treatment. An important aspect of the feeding is to fulfil the need from the cows of especially fiber; and fiber with a sufficient proportion of long particles. Both too much and too little fiber is bad for the wellbeing of the cow, and she might get diseases like acidosis. Many models for feed management have been developed to secure that the animal gets enough of e.g. fiber with a sufficient proportion of long particles.

The thesis is an examination of the methods that are appropriate and long-term choice to obtain clamping force and secure screw joints in production. The employer, Scania CV AB, transmission manufactures axle gears to all trucks produced in Södertälje. One of the most common assembly elements is screw joints, where the clamping force is essential to achieve a secure joint. Current methods to secure the joint is due much of the friction effect and is an indirect method to measure the clamping force. The clampforce accuracy becomes more widely with torque angle control.

To conclude this year?s introductory course in Mechatronics the students, in groups of 6,constructed a prototype based on the technical requirements established by the course teachers.This year they consisted of the following: two wheels only, active balancing, remote controlledand able to stop when crossing a pre-determined marker on the ground. The project lasted for 7weeks and the result is a working prototype and this report.The report reviews the chosen solution, subsystems and the finished prototype as well assuggestions for improvements, discussion and analysis.The prototype constructed embodied most of the group?s earlier individual technical specialtiesand consists of the following: a flywheel for balancing, Ultrasound for angle measurement, areflective photomicrosensor to detect the marker and Bluetooth for the hand control..

This study was performed to investigate the possibility to use ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Five cows with high cell counts, and four cows with low cell counts were selected as cases and controls, respectively, and their udders examined with Ultrasound during a 5 week period. The image of the udders of cows with high cell counts exhibited small, hyper-echoic, rounded foci, approximately 1 cm in diameter, near the milk cisterns and the base of the teats. These changes were not found consistently in all cows with high cell count, however. Ultrasonography may be a valuable complementary tool in the diagnosis of sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cow, but more cases need to be monitored before its full value can be ascertained..

There are only a few published studies on the normal variation in ovary size in bitches. All of the previous studies have been made on the beagle breed. This study was performed on indian street dogs with the objective to measure ovaries and structures in the ovaries after ovariehysterectomy to decide if smaller dogs have smaller ovaries and how small and big they can be in the normal dog. The structures (follicle and corpus luteum) where also measured to get a maximum size for normal structures in the bitch. This information can be valuable when examining the ovaries of the bitch with ulstrasound.