Generisk Substitution innebär att receptförskrivna läkemedel som ingår i läkemedelsförmånen byts ut till det billigaste likvärdiga preparatet. Tidigare studier har visat på en del problem med Substitutionen. Bland annat går tid åt att informera om Substitutionen istället för om läkemedlet. Denna studie gjordes i syfte att studera hur vanligt förekommande det är att problem uppstår i samband med generisk Substitution på apotek, samt hur dessa kan minskas eller lösas. Slumpmässigt valdes 35 Norrländska apotek och 57 farmacevter ut för studien och en enkät med 12 frågeställningar skickades ut.

ABSTRACTIn this study, five people were interviewed who are involved in a drug-assisted program for opiate addiction, also called Substitution program. The meaning of Substitution is that these clients' drug addiction is replaced with substitute preparations, either methadone or Subutex in an orderly manner. The clients of the researcher decided to study the Substitution program have all been a heavy opiate addiction for years. Their participation in the replacement program is more than two years, and those who have been around the longest have been in the program for six years, so long as the Substitution program has existed in Visby.This is a qualitative study in which interviews are conducted face to face with each individual client, and the interview was unstructured in the sense that no specific issues made in advance. The interviews have been themed, and the researcher has gone through various areas of life around the respondent.

ABSTRACTIn this study, five people were interviewed who are involved in a drug-assisted program for opiate addiction, also called Substitution program. The meaning of Substitution is that these clients' drug addiction is replaced with substitute preparations, either methadone or Subutex in an orderly manner. The clients of the researcher decided to study the Substitution program have all been a heavy opiate addiction for years. Their participation in the replacement program is more than two years, and those who have been around the longest have been in the program for six years, so long as the Substitution program has existed in Visby.This is a qualitative study in which interviews are conducted face to face with each individual client, and the interview was unstructured in the sense that no specific issues made in advance. The interviews have been themed, and the researcher has gone through various areas of life around the respondent.

Since the 19th century the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere hasincreased by 40 percent as an effect of the use of fossil energy sources.Increased concentration of CO2 will likely lead to increased temperature,changes in precipitation, rising sea level and increased frequency of extremeweather like storm events. A step to reduce emissions of CO2 and mitigateclimate change, for the property of Tagel, can be to adopt new silviculturalstrategies and analyse which is the most effective. As a result of that, threescenarios was produced, business-as-usual (BAU), increased set aside landand energy. An introduction of windpower at Tagels estate (property) andeffects on carbon balance was also examined. By using the Heureka systemand LCA-analysis in this study, it showed that the scenario of increased setaside land was the most efficient way to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions for the analysed period of 100 years.

Den 1 oktober 2002 infördes generisk Substitution i Sverige. Detta innebär att receptförskrivna läkemedel som ingår i läkemedelsförmånen byts ut till det billigaste likvärdiga preparatet, om det inte finns särskilda skäl till att byte inte får ske. Byte av preparat är inte alltid problemfritt. Tidigare genomförda studier har visat att problem som kan förekomma är felmedicinering, biverkningar eller försämrad effekt av läkemedlet. I en av studierna deltog farmacevter.

Through changes in the code of statutes, SOSFS 2009:27 (M), opioid addicts are excluded since March 1 2010 from possibilities to be accepted for Substitution treatment. Opiate addicts are solitary admitted for Substitution treatment from that date. Opioid addicts are excluded admission for treatment regardless of the fact that they fulfil the ICD-10 diagnosis F.11.2, i.e. opioid/opiate addictive criteria. The alteration in the statutes was carried out in reference to the fact that evidence for this kind of treatment intended for opioid addicts was missing.Both groups i.e.

In conventional viscose manufacturing, a large amount of carbondisulfide is consumed. This amount has to be decreased to keep the production cost down and to reduce the environmental impact. The purpose with this work was to show if an enzyme treatment of a dissolving pulp could increase the degree of Substitution in the viscose so that the amount of carbon disulfide consumed in the process could be decreased. Previous investigations by Kvarnlöf (2007), Engström et.al. (2006) and Henriksson et.al.

Bakgrund: År 2002 infördes generisk Substitution i Sverige för att minska på läkemedelskostnaden. Efter införandet är apoteken skyldiga att erbjuda generisk Substitution, det vill säga utbyte till billigare och likvärdiga läkemedel inom läkemedelsförmånen till patienten. Vilka läkemedel som anses som utbytbara bedöms av Läkemedelsverket. De flesta patienter har en positiv inställning till generisk Substitution. Generisk Substitution innebär dock problem för en liten andel av patienterna.

For over 40 years, there's been a debate in Sweden of whether it's good or bad with maintenance therapy for heroin addicts. This method is far more acknowledged in other parts of Europe and in USA. The aim of this paper was to explore how public actors manifest their thoughts concerning the subject of the Substitution program in Sweden. This approach includes the complex of problems that can be found in statements and the discourses that these operators stand for and support. In my analysis the philosophical thread was principally based on Michael Foucault ideas, but also on other theories related to social constructionism.

Problem area and purposeNowadays, 2006, the downloading of music and movies is an increasingly more burning issue. But while the music industry has made great progress in using the Internet as a distribution channel the film industry has been at a standstill for several years. Recently however there has been progress in the form of a few film companies beginning to offer their customers legal ways to acquire films over the Internet. But with this progress one central question arises, which this report will try to answer; what are the important factors for selling films as the Internet moves from primarily being a information channel to also functioning as a distribution channel? The purpose is to examine what the consumers find important when purchasing film, and to establish to what degree there is a Substitution effect between DVDs and downloadable films.MethodThe report is first and foremost based on an Internet survey with a total of 383 participants.

Title: Consequences of diversion ? a qualitative interview study regarding illicitbuprenorphine use.In year 1999 buprenorphine was introduced in Sweden and is used in treatment for opioiddependence. An issue concerning Substitution treatment programmes is the occurrence ofdiversion and the following illegal sails of buprenorphine on a black market. The aim of thisstudy was to explore how people who have used illicitly obtained buprenorphine describessuch abuse. The study was conducted using qualitative method, where a total of fiveindividuals were interviewed about past experiences of having used illicitly acquiredbuprenorphine.

Bakgrund: År 2002 infördes generisk Substitution i Sverige för att minska på läkemedelskostnaden. Efter införandet är apoteken skyldiga att erbjuda generisk Substitution, det vill säga utbyte till billigare och likvärdiga läkemedel inom läkemedelsförmånen till patienten. Vilka läkemedel som anses som utbytbara bedöms av Läkemedelsverket. De flesta patienter har en positiv inställning till generisk Substitution. Generisk Substitution innebär dock problem för en liten andel av patienterna.

Store managers and brand owners have realized the benefits of sales promoting activities in-store, which thus have become a common sight for consumers when grocery shopping. Using in-store displays, a brand?s sales can increase by more than 1000 percent. We believe, however, that displays can give rise to additional effects to those previous studies have shown. The purpose of our study was therefore to map possible side effects that a display can generate depending on the strength of the exposed brand.

Olika typer av sta?rkelse a?r mycket viktiga ra?varor i livsmedelstillverkning, inte bara som energirik kolhydrat utan a?ven som en tillsats fo?r att reglera livsmedels textur och viskosi- tet. Modifierad sta?rkelse kan tillverkas med hja?lp av en rad olika kemiska, enzymatiska och fysikaliska metoder. Denna studie syftar till att ge en o?versikt o?ver de kemiska modifi- eringar som anva?nds fo?r livsmedelstillverkning idag.

Olika typer av stärkelse är mycket viktiga råvaror i livsmedelstillverkning, inte bara som energirik kolhydrat utan även som en tillsats för att reglera livsmedels textur och viskosi-tet. Modifierad stärkelse kan tillverkas med hjälp av en rad olika kemiska, enzymatiska och fysikaliska metoder. Denna studie syftar till att ge en översikt över de kemiska modifieringar som används för livsmedelstillverkning idag. Studien ger även en kortare inblick över vanliga enzymatiska och fysikaliska modifieringar. Modifikation av stärkelse utförs vanligtvis för att förändra stärkelses gelatinasitionstemperatur och viskositet eller för att öka dess resistens gentemot skjuvning, lågt pH, hög temperatur och retrogradering.