BakgrundBankers kreditgivning till företag föregås av en noggrann granskning och kontroll av företagets status. För att sänka riskerna till en acceptabel nivå används olika bedömningsverktyg. Kreditbedömingen skiljer sig dock mellan olika banker. Vissa tar in mer information och gör en grundligare riskanalys, medan andra går mer på magkänsla. Kassaflödesanalysen är ett verktyg som vissa kreditgivare använder sig av.

Bakgrund: Bonussystem är något som började växa fram under 1980-talet och är ett inte sällan förekommande debattämne. Inte minst i dagens situation med en stark recession och en finansiell kris om knuten. Flertalet artiklar har tagit upp ämnet, där man har ifrågasatt olika företags utdelning utav enorma rörliga ersättningar trots den svåra tid vi nu befinner oss i. Företagen motiverar olika andledningar till varför de väljer att betala ut bonusar till sina vd:ar, som grundar sig på olika typer av variabler.Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vilken typ av variabler som visar starkast korrelation med storleken på företagsledarnas bonusar, och att se om dessa kan tänkas påverka deras risktagande.Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvantitativ undersökning av sekundärdata som har inhämtats från de utvalda företagens årsredovisningar. Undersökningen tar en deduktiv ansats, där de valda teorierna appliceras på de resultat som undersökningen visar.Resultat: De fem företagen som betalar ut högst total ersättning är ABB, Ericsson, AstraZeneca, Getinge och Scania.

The purpose of this thesis was to describe what factors influence consumers? choice when buying probiotic products. Functional Foods have been predicted a bright future on the food market but so far the concept have not been embraced by the consumers. The reasons for this are many and not clearly understood. Positive health effects are what set a functional food product apart from traditional food stuffs of the same type.

This study's main objective was to identify adolescents participation in alternative sport activities and which kind of physical activity that was preferred by adolescents who didn't had any earlier experience of sport clubs. The study combined interviews and surveys with the purpose to get both adolescents and sport leaders perspective. A total of five interviews were performed and fifty-four surveys was collected. The results showed that adolescents already physical active were those who participated in alternative sport activities. Who participate in alternative sport activities can depend on habitus, comprehended capital forms and in which social field the sport activities exists..

The aim of this study was to evaluate different types of volume and taper equations that can be used to predict single-tree stem volume and stem diameter at any given height along the tree stem for plantation grown Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and White spruce (Picea glauca (Mounch) Voss) in Iceland. A number of published tree volume equations were tested and modified to predict the total stem volumes over bark but three logarithmic equations were taken for more in-depth analysis. Three taper equations were tested. Two variable-exponent equations (Kozak 1997, Kozak 2004) and one exponential equation described by Biging (1984). Data from a total of 617 sample trees were used in this study, collected from stands in various parts of the country and present different types of stands growing in different soil types and cover most of the site conditions suitable for forestry in Iceland.

Every spring you can see newborn foals running on fields among the mare. But some unfortunate end up visiting the equine hospital requiring surgery. This is a challenge for the anesthetist because of the neonatal foal?s unique physiology. Therefore you need to take these differences under consideration when you anesthetize foals.

The focus of this project was to characterize the occurrence of ESBL-­?producing bacteria in two irrigation water ponds in Southern Sweden. Samples were taken from two ponds nearby each other, from which analyses were made based on levels of community and individual isolates. Community samples were used for attempts for characterization of resistance patterns in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­?plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­?selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­?system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­?agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­?system. These were further characterized using Etest-­?sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­?panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­?borne resistance genes CTX-­?M1, CTX-­?M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­?resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­?plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­?agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ?-­?lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­?M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­?plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ?-­?lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­? and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade. in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­?plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­?selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­?system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­?agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­?system. These were further characterized using Etest-­?sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­?panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­?borne resistance genes CTX-­?M1, CTX-­?M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­?resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­?plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­?agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ?-­?lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­?M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­?plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ?-­?lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­? and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade..

Executive summaryThe aim of this study is to examine how the favourability and brand exposure of Norwegian has been damage by their supplier, Boeing 787:s, problems concerning the aircraft Dreamliner. The theoretical framework underlies the content analysis that has been used to operate the study. In total the empirical data rise up to 623 articles that has been collected and analysed from the media archive Retriever. Compares to before and after Boeing 787:s problem with the Dreamliner, the results indicates that the favourability of Norwegian in the Swedish media landscape during the problems was negatively affected. The results also show that there was no increase in brand exposure for Norwergian during the problems.

Bakgrund: Studien tar utgångspunkt i den nya kursplanen för matematik där matematikens användning i olika sammanhang och vardagen betonas tydligare än i den förra kursplanen (Skolverket 2011a; Skolverket 2011b). Elevers sjunkande matematikprestationer är en pågående problematik (se. t.ex. TIMSS 2007) och förhoppningar med denna rapport är att lyfta en bredare syn på matematik och därmed skapa motivation för eleverna. Ambitionen är att framhäva en matematikundervisning som anknyter till vardagen och elevernas erfarenheter.Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur elever i skolår tre uppfattar matematik.

The aim of this thesis is to explore from a cultural diversity perspective, students 'views on teachers' leadership styles in the classroom and what style of management students prefer. The study uses a qualitative methodology to interviewed focus groups of students consisting of a total of twelve students at a secondary school in Botkyrka municipality. The corpus was divided into three different groups. Overall, results showed that students seem to prefer an intercultural situational leadership style. This is based on the students expressed need of wanting to be understood on the basis of their cultural background.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att finna specifika effektiviseringsåtgärder för energianvändningen vid Skanskas betongfabrik på Svartberget utanför Umeå samt att ta fram generella riktlinjer för energianvändningen på Skanskas samtliga betongfabriker med avseende på effektiviseringsåtgärder. Energianvändningen som analyserades utgjordes av energin som användes vid de processer och verksamheter som fanns på betongfabriksområdet och som användes i eller i anslutning till betongproduktionsprocessen.På betongfabriken utanför Umeå genomfördes en energikartläggning varvid två effektbalanser skapades, en för elanvändningen och en för eldningsoljeanvändningen. Resultatet av energikartläggningen vid betongfabriken utanför Umeå visade att den största delen eleffekt, 25 procent, gick till driften av betongfabrikens uppvärmningssystem och hela 72 procent av effekten från uppvärmningssystemets eldningsoljeförbränning gick förlorad som värmeförluster.Med ett nytt uppvärmningssystem och förbättrad täthet av betongfabrikens lokaler och bättre isolerade spirorör beräknades energin från eldningsoljeanvändningen kunna minska med drygt 50 procent årligen. Även elanvändningen på fabriken kan minskas om ett nytt uppvärmningssystem tas i bruk då energin från eldningsoljeanvändningen ersätter eleffekten som går till de eldrivna värmefläktarna (12 procent av total eleffekt) och värmestavarna (14 procent av total eleffekt).För Skanskas övriga betongfabriker genomfördes en energiinventering med uppföljande telefonintervjuer för att undersöka vilka fabriker som hade högre respektive lägre energianvändning och vad skillnaderna dem emellan berodde på. Resultatet av energiinventeringen och telefonintervjuerna som gjordes för Skanskas övriga betongfabriker visade att fabrikerna med nya fabrikslokaler och med ett uppvärmningssystem från Polarmatic hade absolut lägst energianvändning.

"Dam knäckt av kung" handlar om varför en misshandlad kvinna stannar kvar hos mannen som slår. Det kan ofta vara svårt att förstå och för att ge en bättre bild av detta har jag intervjuat tre kvinnor som har upplevt misshandel av mannen de levt med. Jag har även tittat på olika teorier om till exempel hur en identitet skapas och hur en social verklighet kan förändras under speciella situationer, såsom under misshandelsförhållanden. Bland dessa teorier finns Berger & Luckmann´s (1971) teori om socialisation och internalisering av någon annans synsätt, Goffman´s (1983) totala institutioner och E.Lundgrens (2004) normaliseringsprocess. Jag analyserar mina intervjuer och teorier för att bättre förstå varför kvinnan stannar.

As a small and land scarce country, effective waste management is ofoutmost importance in Singapore. In this study the production of biogasthrough anaerobic digestion from the organic fraction of municipal solidwaste (OFMSW) was compared to incineration of the waste. At the momentalmost all of the OFMSW in Singapore is incinerated. Three differentscenarios were compared to the reference scenario (incineration): one with alarge scale biogas plant that can treat half of all OFMSW in Singapore, onewith a medium scale biogas plant about 15 times smaller than the large oneand one with a small scale biogas plant that can treat waste from e.g. ashopping center or a food center.By using life cycle assessment (LCA) the different scenarios were comparedin terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification, eutrophication,energy use and land use.

Data warehouse system är något som har växt fram under 1990-talet och det har implementeras hos flera verksamheter. De källsystem som en verksamhet har kan integreras ihop med ett data warehouse system för att skapa en version av verkligheten och ta fram rapporter för beslutsunderlag. Med en version av verkligheten menas att det skapas en gemensam bild som visar hur verksamhetens dagliga arbete sker och utgör grundinformation för de framtagna analyserna från data warehouse systemet. Det blir därför väsenligt för verksamheten att de framtagna rapporterna håller en, enligt verksamheten, tillfredställande god datakvalitet. Detta leder till att datakvaliteten hos data warehouse systemet behöver hålla en tillräckligt hög kvalitetsnivå.

To increase the knowledge about the growth of hazel (Corylus avellana)and size distribution of the shoots, circumference and stem diameter wasmeasured in a total of 54 clones in two areas in Östergötland. Further, thewidth of growth rings was determined for separate years. The diameter ofthe stems was measured both out from the centre of the stem andperpendicular to the first measure. The stems showed only a weaktendency to have an oval shape (with the longest side outwards from thecentre). The growth model did not improve when the degree of sunlightof clones was taken into the account.