New energy resources that can replace petroleum diesel are needed and biodiesel may be an excellent substitute. During storage and use, biodiesel can oxidize and form peroxides, leading to degradation of the fuel. It is therefore important to determine the peroxide content of the fuel. In this thesis the triphenylphosphine method, which involves GC-MS analysis has been compared to the standard iodometric method which involves titration with sodium thiosulfate. Working standards were made to see how well the iodometric method worked and also in order to make a calibration curve in GC-MS.

Small pieces of plastic, termed ?micro plastic? in the oceans derive mainly from degradation of big plastics such as beach littering, but also from sources of direct emission from e.g. beauty scrubbers and synthetic sand-blasting. These micro plastics are ingested by marine animals ? mistaking them for plankton ? or via prey.

This study presents results for observing forest changes in Sweden using multi-temporal L-band satellite data and is a part of the JAXA?s ALOS Kyoto and Carbon Initiative. An extensive dataset of images acquired by the Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) is investigated for clear-cut detection in boreal forests in northern Sweden (Lat. 64°14? N, Long.

Sapa Heat Transfer is a company that produces aluminum heat-exchanger strips for the automotive industry. Sapa Heat Transfer wish to chart their emissions of carbon dioxide in order to meet future demands on carbon dioxide reporting. They also would like to examine the meaning of the term ?green electricity? which is marketed as carbon dioxide free, and the sort of electricity that they purchase. This report includes both direct (liquefied petroleum gas and diesel) and indirect (water, process-water, long distance heating, waste) emissions from their company.

Given that the oil prices have risen and the environmental regulations has become more stringent, the interest in operating efficiency has increased. The project has investigated the possibility of producing electricity from waste heat generated in the diesel process. One technique to utilize and convert energy into electricity is the ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle). This process is based on the Rankine process (the steam process), the difference from the traditional Rankine process is that instead of water as a working medium, an organic substance is used. The main component used in the process is a evaporator, a turbine, a condenser and a pump.

Traditionally, rolling mills use emulsions based on a mixture of oil and water for lubrication. Since two years ago SAPA has been using (instead of oil) a synthetic lubricant so called conditional emulsion for hot-rolling of aluminum. This lubricant is water based and homogenous at ambient temperature, but switches to a two-phase system at heating above the cloud point.This project aims to validate and if necessary modify an existing HPLC method for quantifying two out of three key components (A, B and C) in the conditional emulsion. Attempts to develop a method to quantify the pH adjusting components, X and Y were also made. These two methods are required to optimize the lubricant.Due to the complexity of the components, it has been difficult to present a method for quantification, and HPLC with ELS detection was chosen after a long series of trials.

The paper contains comment, clarification and criticism, even constructive criticism, of some theses that have been put forward by Laurence Bonjour in his In Defense of Pure Reason.It presents a concept of experience that deals with the relation between cognizer and object of experience that has a great similarity to that of Bonjour. Through analysis it is shown that the concept of a priori entails that Bonjour has two concepts of a priori, a narrow and a broad one. The narrow one is, in my own words: According to moderate rationalism a proposition p is a priori justified if and only if you apprehend that p must be true in every possible world. This doesn?t mean that Bonjour doesn?t believe in an epistemological, metaphysical and semantic realm.

Målen med svensk klimatpolitik är att minska det svenska oljeberoendet och koldioxidutsläppen. Då privatbilismen står för en stor del av Sveriges oljeanvändande har en ökning av andelen miljöbilar i fordonsparken därför blivit ett viktigt inslag, vilket har lagt grunden till en gynnsam försäljning av miljöbilar. I denna uppsats undersöktes miljöbilsförsäljningens utveckling månadsvis tidsperioden oktober 2004 till april 2007. För att analysera miljöbilsförsäljningen skapades en jämviktsmodell som sedan testades empiriskt genom ekonometriska körningar. Modellen förklarade 89% av andelen sålda miljöbilar per månad och variablerna inkomst, modellutbud, drivmedelspris och subventionen av miljöbil på 10.000 kronor som infördes i april 2007 visade sig vara starkt korrelerade med andelen miljöbilar.

Målen med svensk klimatpolitik är att minska det svenska oljeberoendet och koldioxidutsläppen. Då privatbilismen står för en stor del av Sveriges oljeanvändande har en ökning av andelen miljöbilar i fordonsparken därför blivit ett viktigt inslag, vilket har lagt grunden till en gynnsam försäljning av miljöbilar. I denna uppsats undersöktes miljöbilsförsäljningens utveckling månadsvis tidsperioden oktober 2004 till april 2007. För att analysera miljöbilsförsäljningen skapades en jämviktsmodell som sedan testades empiriskt genom ekonometriska körningar. Modellen förklarade 89% av andelen sålda miljöbilar per månad och variablerna inkomst, modellutbud, drivmedelspris och subventionen av miljöbil på 10.000 kronor som infördes i april 2007 visade sig vara starkt korrelerade med andelen miljöbilar.

The purpose with this work that is the basis for this thesis was to help Nattavaara Economical association to develop a program for handling invoices, customer information, and storage. The program and this thesis have been done in cooperation with the economical association in Nattavaara. Some of the demands on the program are that it shall handle customer information, storage status, invoices and diesel consumption. The program must be able to printout invoices, reminders, delivery notes, a customer list and a storage list. All information will be stored in a database.

A new type of device for measuring thev m& ?rate of fuel sprays from a diesel fuel injector has been developed and the various steps in the development are described. The device works by deflecting all of the sprays from the injector at the same time by using a bell shaped deflector. A load cell consisting of a machined steel part with strain gauges mounted on it measures the resulting force. The shape of the curvature in the deflector bell shape has been evaluated by photographing the flow in a 2D?version of the curve shape.

Calculations of net present value are based on a discount rate, which requires knowledge about the company?s cost of debt. A common way to do this is by observing the company?s credit rating, when no credit rating is given it?s possible to use a synthetic rating model based on quantitative data to estimate a credit rating. Thus, the aim of this study is to increase the understanding of which quantitative data, in terms of key figures, that can be used to explain the given credit ratings for companies from the Nordic countries.In developing the model, key figures found significant in previous studies are being tested for whether or not they are applicable for companies from the Nordic countries.

Grid codes are becoming more demanding on power generating units due to the factthat the complexity of the power grid is increasing. The penetration of wind powerhas grown over the last years and it is clear that wind farms need to be addressedwith the same type of grid codes as conventional generation units. There is howeveran undeniable difference between the technology in conventional synchronousgeneration units, and the asynchronous generation units in wind farms.This thesis has reviewed the current grid code in Sweden and compared it to the newcode proposed by ENTSO-E, ?the Requirements for Generators?, in the aspect ofwind farms with an installed power of 30 MW or more. The comparison has beencomplemented by an analysis of how wind farms of two different technologies(Doubly fed induction generators and full power converters) can meet therequirements and technical proposals have been given on how to be able to meetcompliance with the new grid codes.The Requirements for Generators contains many non-exhaustive and optionalrequirements, because of this it has been difficult to, at this stage, exactly point outthe technical impact on the grid connection of future wind farms in Sweden.

Control of a diesel engine equipped with Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) and Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) requires a multivariable control method. One problem is that the engine system is non-linear. Furthermore there are strong cross-connections between inputs and outputs and the inputs have alsoboundaries. To be able to manage these control problems, MPC has been used that is a multivariable method. The MPC-controller consists of an optimization problem and therefore MPC can find the optimum control signals in an easy way.

SammanfattningDetta arbete handlar om hur den första undervisningen av läs- och skrivinlärning kan bedrivas. Utgångspunkter för undersökningen var att jag anser att det är av stor vikt att lära sig läsa och skriva i dagens samhälle och det är ett högt prioriterat mål i läroplanen. Eftersom jag i mitt yrke ska arbeta med läs- och skrivinlärning tänkte jag att jag behövde mer kunskap om hur den egentligen går till. Jag ville också veta hur man kan bedriva undervisning på ett sätt som gynnar alla elever, eftersom alla lär på olika sätt. Jag har undersökt hur pedagoger som arbetar med elever i förskoleklass och klass 1 kan bedriva sin undervisning i ämnet.Min problemprecisering lyder:Hur kan man utforma läs- och skrivundervisningen i förskoleklass och klass 1?Detta område har i arbetet diskuterats utifrån olika litteraturstudier.