Bakgrund: Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom den perioperativa vården har kunskaper och färdigheter om faktorer som orsakar trycksår så att förebyggande åtgärder kan genomföras. Det är väl dokumenterat att det finns stora kostnadsbesparingar för samhället i arbetet genom förebyggandet av trycksår. Trycksår i litteraturöversikter diskuteras främst i samband med långtidsvård, intensivvård och rehabilitering. Det är mindre fokus i litteraturöversikter på den akuta vården samt den operativa miljön relaterat till trycksår.Syfte: Syftet med den systematiska litteraturstudien var att kartlägga faktorer som är viktiga att uppmärksamma för att minska risken att utveckla trycksår perioperativt.Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvantitativ metod.Resultat: I resultatet presenteras faktorer i tre olika teman per, intra och postoperativa faktorer som är viktiga att beakta för det perioperativa teamet i det trycksårspreventiva arbetet. Återkommande faktorer som påverkar trycksårsutveckling var operationstid, diabetes, poäng i Bradenskalan, BMI, mobilitet, mätinstrument, blodtryck, läkemedel, anestesiform, temperatur, postoperativa tiden, friktion och skjuvning, utsatta områden där trycksår utvecklas samt fukt och inkontinens.

Background: In previous studies on the subject hope it has been revealed that hope is an important condition for the experience of health, quality of life and well-being. In the literature hope is described as a great support in life that is vital for a person's life and for how the person manages to become afflicted with a fatal disease. Within palliative care the 6S: s is a person-centered model for care that is directed towards the promotion of patient´s participation, relief from suffering and enablement of well-being and support of the patient and his or her family members. Aim: To describe how patients find hope in their situation in palliative care, and to examine whether there is an interaction between the different dimensions of 6 S: s model and with patients' experiences of hope. Methods: This degree project is literature study.

Background: Urinary tract infections caused by indwelling urinary catheters causes unneccesay suffering among those it affects. These infections are also financially straining on the health care services. It is therefore of importance to gain knowledge about which evidence based preventive interventions that have the possibility to reduce the risk for bacteriuria and urinary tract infections among patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Aim: This study aimed to compile available knowledge concerning i) if silver alloy catheters does reduce bacteriuria in this patient group, ii) if aseptic catheterization does reduce bacteriuria in this patientgroup, iii) which routines for changing the urinary drainage bag reduces the risk of bacteriuria, iv) which routine genital hygenic care reduces the risk of bacteriuria? Method: Litterature was searched for in the data bases Cinahl, Medline and The Cochrane Library using the data bases? thesaurius combined with OR/AND.

Bakgrund: Smärta och äldre personer är centrala delar i sjukvården. Smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse och påverkar en person både psykiskt och fysiskt. Smärta är komplext och det finns många anledningar till att smärta uppkommer. Många äldre personer i samhället får inte korrekt smärtlindring vilket kan bero på attityder och felaktiga bedömningar.  För att underlätta bedömningen av smärta finns det instrument som vårdpersonal kan ta hjälp av för att underlätta bedömningen av äldre personers smärta.Syfte: Att beskriva hur äldre personer upplever smärta och hur den handhas på vårdenheter.Metod: En litteraturöversikt som byggts på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna har hämtats från CINAHL complete.

The study investigates the use of collection and treatment wagon for piglets in relation to castration. The importance of good and ergonomically designed tools in pig stables can probably reduce the risk of suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). During the last 20 years the number of pig farms has decreased and at the same time the herd sizes and the number of pig keepers have increased (Statistic Sweden (SCB) 2007). As a consequence, the pig keepers have more pigs to take care of, treat and neuter and spend more of their daily work in these large confinements. This also means that the repetitive work e.g.

Bakgrund: Patienter med alkoholberoende är vanligt förekommande inom sjukvården. Forskning visar att vårdpersonalen uttrycker bristande kunskap i mötet med dessa patienter. Livsvärlden är den värld människan dagligen möter och lever i. Ett livsvärldsperspektiv innebär att vara öppen och se den andra människan där hon befinner sig. Alkoholberoende lever med känslor av skuld och skam, dessa känslor skapar ett lidande hos patienten, vilket kan förvärras av vårdpersonal.

Hypertension is one of the most common reasons for visiting primary care. It is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, suffering and death. Lifestyle change, such as increased physical activity is the foundation of treatment of hypertension. Lifestyle change starts as a process in which patients can be helped by a nurse through conscious communication, educate and support increased physical exercise.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the district nurse´s experiences of interacting with patients with hypertension about physical activity.MethodIndividual qualitative study. Ten nurses from health center were interviewed.

Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) is an immune-mediated destruction of erythrocytes and is one of the most common haematological diseases diagnosed in dogs. The haemolysis is a type II immunoreaction and is initiated by IgG or IgM antibodies or complements. This retrospective study includes 63 dogs suffering from primary IMHA. The study was based on information from records from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences in Uppsala and from the Animal Hospital in Strömsholm. The aim of the study was to evaluate the progress of the disease, treatment and the prognostic factors in different breeds, gender and age. Following criteria were used for the dogs to be allowed in the study: the dogs were diagnosed with anaemia, the anaemia was regenerative and autoagglutination and/or spherocytes were seen in the blood. About 50 % of the dogs in the study were diagnosed with IMHA within 2-6 years of age. Wire-haired dachshund was remarkably one of the most common breeds in this study together with Cocker and Springer spaniel.

Floor surface in pig facilities can have an impact on animal welfare and pig health, as it can cause the pig physical damage and thereby increased risk of infectious diseases and lameness. The development of pig housing systems has resulted in a decreased use of bedding. It seems hard to find the optimal floor in farrowing pens, as it must suit both the sow and piglets. The floor friction needs to be adequate to avoid slips and at the same time should the floor be non-abrasive. Abrasions and lesions caused by the floor are not only causing the animal suffering, but are also negative from an economical aspect.

Title: Go for it! - A study of anxiety in relation to students performing in ensemble class.This study discusses anxiety in relation to students in ensemble performance. The expectations on musicians are extremely high and demanding. They are expected to perform to the maximum of their ability despite both physical and mental pressure. I present in this study the result of the interviews I have performed with three students at Swedish Academies of Music. The study shows that all of the students included are in one way or the other suffering from anxiety in relation to performance.

Bakgrund:I sjuksköterskeutbildningen betonas betydelsen av samarbete med patienters anhöriga. I takt med att synen på psykisk ohälsa förändrades avvecklades den institutionsbaserade vårdformen. 1995 års psykiatrireform syftade till att stärka dessa patienters rättigheter och ställning i samhälletSyfte:Beskriva anhörigas upplevelser av att ha en närstående med psykisk ohälsa.Metod:En litteraturöversikt gjord enligt Fribergs (2010) metod för litteraturöversikter. Efter sökningar i databaserna Academic search premiere, Cinahl Plus with Full Text, Medline och PsychInfo valdes tolv kvalitativa artiklar för att analyseras. Den teoretiska referensramen för arbetet är Katie Erikssons lidandebegrepp.

Background: Urinary tract infections caused by indwelling urinary catheters causes unneccesay suffering among those it affects. These infections are also financially straining on the health care services. It is therefore of importance to gain knowledge about which evidence based preventive interventions that have the possibility to reduce the risk for bacteriuria and urinary tract infections among patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Aim: This study aimed to compile available knowledge concerning i) if silver alloy catheters does reduce bacteriuria in this patient group, ii) if aseptic catheterization does reduce bacteriuria in this patientgroup, iii) which routines for changing the urinary drainage bag reduces the risk of bacteriuria, iv) which routine genital hygenic care reduces the risk of bacteriuria? Method: Litterature was searched for in the data bases Cinahl, Medline and The Cochrane Library using the data bases? thesaurius combined with OR/AND.

Three different factors are thought to be involved in the increased segregation in Stockholm: the living segregation, scientific and political dissonances and the social economical factor. Many segregated areas have many inhabitants with foreign background. Schools in these areas have a higher number of students with lower grades compared to other schools with higher number of students that are ethnical Swedes. Jordbromalmsskolan is a school in Haninge kommun that is one of the seven schools in Stockholms suburbs where students graduate with the lowest grades. The school is suffering from a very bad reputation because of many problems like fights between students and lack of resources like purchase stop.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate in what ways librarians and schoolteachers can co-operate and combine their professional skills in order to help and motivate children with reading and writing disabilities, and how audio books can be useful in this work. The main source of information is interviews with teachers from ten schools in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. Those teachers, their schools and their local libraries all took part in a project spanning from 1993 to 1996, aiming at increasing the use of audio books in combination with the corresponding printed versions in work regarding the here addressed problem. This study was made with a qualitative empirical method supported by a normative theory belonging to the new institutional theory school. There are no statistical conclusions in the report.

Background: Isolation care may be necessary when a patient is carrying infection or is being inflicted with disease that causes deficit immune system. Being isolated means that the patient is in a confined space and may stay only there. Even in ancient times, people discovered the importance of isolating people carrying an infection from the rest of society. According to the Infectious Diseases Act, patients should be isolated in order to reduce the spread of infection both from the patient to the surroundings as well as the opposite. Isolation care can be psychologically stressful for some patients.