The structure and performance of grocery distribution in Sweden has changed profoundly since the second world war. Increasing access and usage of the private car, in combination with an accommodating town planning has enhanced the exploitation of scale economies within distribution firms. There is, however, some ambiguity concerning the overall efficiency of the distribution system when the costs associated with travelling and purchasing performed by households are treated as an integrated part of the total distribution cost function. The purpose of this master thesis is to develop the foundation of a spatial optimisation model, which defines the most efficient distribution system. The underlying idea is that the optimal localisation and size of grocery stores is a function of economies of scale within the firms weighed against distributions costs within the households, such as transportation costs.

Uppsatsen behandlar uppfattningar och föreställningar om hur den fysiska miljön kan ge en positiv effekt i socialt utsatta områden. Ämnet belyses genom att presentera tidigare forsknings uppfattningar om kopplingar mellan det sociala livet och den fysiska miljön för att sedan fokusera på nutida uppfattningar om den kopplingen. Det nutida perspektivet om uppfattningar hämtas från storstadssatsningen. Propositionen beskriver satsningar riktade att förbättra stadsdelar definierade som socialt utsatta områden i storstadsregioner. Det dokumentet analyseras genom diskursanalys. För konkreta exempel används Tensta som geografiskt område. Tensta var ett av de socialt utsatta områden som skulle förbättras inom ramen för storstadssatsningen.

The work with this report has been focused on developing a methodology model for control at purchase. The methodology model covers parts classification, dispatching systems, batch shaping and more. The aim with the methodology model is that it will be used as an aid for a cost effective material planning to increase the value for customer.The work covers also a description of the present situation and the purchase process at Company X. Six parts have been applied, two from each class (A, B and C), in the methodology/model. The parts that have been applied are included in the flow between Company X and their supplier Company Y.Data have been collected trough literature studies, interviews and the company?s business system.

This paper consists of a comprehensive look at the advertising industry as a whole and communication mould various guises in the context of technology development. It also describes a production in the form of a commercial for a network of ten companies called The Lodge. The result is discussed based on questions on the subject communications and marketing. The discussions of this work will then be transferred to a proposal for further research..

Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this paper is to describe how a number of strategically selected employees at the Swedish Institute, with the purpose to promote Sweden in the world, look at the challenges facing Sweden concerning nation branding in the new era of cooperation within the European Union. I examine how these people look upon the work of public diplomacy and nation branding in order to actively participate and influence the EU's common communications platform.Material/Method: The method used in this thesis is qualitative interviews. The reason why I chose this method is because I consider it to be the most appropriate in order to collect information about how these selected employees at the Swedish institute regard the challenges that lay ahead in terms of nation branding within the European Union.Main results: On the basis of the results I have gained by dint of the analysis, it can be concluded that it is of utmost importance to take the societal changes, which are a result both of the worldwide globalization and the EU cooperation, into consideration when designing a future communication strategy for the Swedish Institute. The nation-state continues to play an important role in Sweden, but its importance is declining as the EU cooperation is progressing. The citizens? identity plays a crucial role in designing a nation?s communications strategy, and from the analysis I conclude that we move not from a Swedish to a European identity, but towards a pluralistic union where multiple identities meet under one umbrella; the EU..

Now a day?s there is dramatic change from traditional to digital information processing in construction industry. This change can be visualized in the project concept stage where it now has accessibility to join all the data in one place. Location-based planning technique simplifies scheduling by visualizing the schedule efficiently and has many advantages such as might shortened the project period by about 10 - 20 % if the company uses location-based technology, reducing risks in many ways by maintaining production continuity and identify collisions between things etc. Vico Office software has been used for Location based planning technique and in this thesis.The purpose of this thesis work was to demonstrate how location -based planning technology change the scheduling stage in Peab, potentially reducing the project time.

Examensarbete undersöker hur tryggheten och säkerheten upplevs på Trossö. Efter-som människor upplever olika saker i staden på olika sätt ska denna upplevelse som människor får beaktas av oss planera-re. Arbetet är uppdelat i ett antal olika ?kapi-tel?; mina definitioner och viktiga begrepp, planområdet, åtgärder och arbete mot en tryggare och säkrare stad, inventering, en-kät och sammanställning, åtgärder för Trossö och därefter en avslutning. I texten kan man läsa om olika faktorer i staden som kan göra att en plats upplevs otrygg och osäker och hur dessa faktorer kan förbättras för att inge en trygghet för en människa som passerar platsen. I arbetet framställs även hur olika städer och länder har gjort för att öka tryggheten och säker-heten i en stad. En stad bör planeras för alla, alla har lika rätt att vistas i ett offentligt rum utan att behöva känna sig utelämnade.

Kandidatarbetet syftar till att redogöra för hur barn medverkar i 2010-talets detaljplanering. Arbetet utgår ifrån FN:s Barnkonvention om barnens rätt till att få höras och uttala sig i frågor som berör dem och hur konventionen implementeras i den kommunala detaljplaneringen. Utifrån det grundar sig problematiken på att barn är användare av de flesta miljöer men har ingen eller endast liten förutsättning att påverka dessa. Syften med kandidatarbetet blir därmed att, i samtida detaljplaner där man uttryckligen haft som mål att implementera barnkonventionens mål, analysera hur barn faktiskt medverkar och till vilken grad. Den teoretiska ramen för arbetet återfinns i forskningsöversikten vilken är indelad i tre olika forskningsområden, detaljplaneprocessen, demokrati samt pedagogik. Analysverktyg som belyses i denna del är Hart?s delaktighetsstege för att mäta barnens delaktighet i detaljplaneprocesser och Gunilla Halldéns definition av barnperspektiv samt barns perspektiv.

Den täta staden tycks vara ett vedertaget stadsbyggnadsideal i strävan mot den hållbara staden. Flertalet forskare har dock påvisat att det inte finns någon entydig definition av vad begreppet innebär samt hur det ska tillämpas i praktiken. Kandidatarbetet syftar därför till att bidra med ökad förståelse kring hur begreppet täthet kan tillämpas i praktiken, genom att undersöka vilka fysiska uttryck som kopplas till den täta staden i kommunala planer. Syftet är vidare att diskutera dessa fysiska uttryck gentemot forskning om hållbara täta stadsformer, för att undersöka hur kommunal tillämpning förhåller sig till detta. I forskningsöversikten första del behandlas forskares olika uppfattningar om vad hållbar täthet och hållbar stadsform är. I den andra delen görs en redogörelse för forskares olika sätt att definiera täthet samt hur täthet kan mätas för att beskriva form.

Detta examensarbete fokuserar på förändringsprocessen gentrifiering. Syftet med denna uppsats är att lyfta fram att förändringsprocessen gentrifiering finns i Sverige idag och att denna påverkar hur Sveriges städer utvecklas. Genom att koppla internationella teorier om gentrifiering till hur svensk bostadspolitik utvecklats under de senaste årtiondena syftar uppsatsen till att redogöra för att denna förändring påverkar Sveriges städers utveckling. Uppsatsen inleds men en forskningsöversikt över tre delområden; gentrifiering, svensk bostadspolitik och planeringens möjligheter och begränsningar. Det som eftersträvas i denna översikt är att redogöra för en bakgrund samt att påvisa och lyfta fram forskning som kan ligga som grund för uppsatsens vidare studie. Utifrån de tre delarna av forskningsöversikten kan jag dra slutsatser vilka jag använder mig av i fallstudiens innehållsanalys och vidare i analys och diskussionskapitlet. Studien genomförs som en fallstudie av ett bostadsområde i Göteborgs innerstad, Högsbohöjd.

Several cities have implemented various projects to improve traffic safety in city centers.During 1970s and 1980s the city centers changed as the suburbs grew and large shopping centers were located outside the center. At the same time, several projects were initiated with construction of pedestrian streets and restriction of traffic in the center. In year 1994,shared-used areas were introduced in Sweden and these areas are often used in center environments.In Sweden, municipalities are responsible for integrating security in public places and in comprehensive plans and detailed development plans. The National Board of Housing,Building and Planning is the authority for administrating planning issues and develop general guidance about planning. Traffic is one of their key issues, although today there are no concrete guidelines from the National Board of Housing, Building and Planningfor the design of traffic safety in city centers.Traffic safety in city centers affects many people because the city center is a public place.It is therefore important that there are current guidelines available that are helpful for changes and improvements in traffic safety in the city center.The purpose of this report is to formulate guidelines for planning city centers from a traffic safety perspective.

The annual cost of home care services of transport in Falun/Borlänge, is now at 31 million kronor. It is clear from previous research that it is possible to reduce these costs through a restructuring of the existing home-help service. The restructuring aims to have a higher proportion of older people, who are in need of care, to live in special accommodation, in order to reduce transport costs. Therefore there is a need for systems that allow home-help service to plan their operations in such a way that transport is working as efficiently as possible. Through better planning, there are profits to be done.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: There are intentions from the Swedish government to provide guidelines and tools for a healthy social planning. The field is in a Swedish context relatively unstudied regarding psychosocial health and the neighbourhood. Aim: The study aimed to examine how social planning can affect the health of individuals. The focus areas were contextual and compositional factors related to individuals' psychosocial health and the contextual risk- and health factors that exist in the neighbourhood. Method: A literature-based study was conducted and 15 scholarly articles form the basis for analyse.

Outdoor advertising is not very often discussed within city planning even though the commercial messages occupy much of public space. The advertising signs affects not only the physical environment but also social life. In this report I would like to acknowledge and question the presence of advertising in our everyday environment. Outdoor advertising is not a new phenomena, technical progress however, results constantly in new expansions in the environment. Today advertising occurs in all sorts of shapes in the cities, both as free standing signs and as signs attached to facades, incorporated in city furniture such as bus shelters and on vehicles moving along the city streets. Grouping advertising into two categories; local and national, reveals that the different categories have different impact on public space.

During the winter 2011 Isaksson and Andersson did a time budget study on Nordens Ark?s Przewalskis horses during daytime when there were visitors and caretakers in the park. This time budget study was made during daytime and when there were no visitors or caretakers in the park. The horses where observed in the morning (5.30-6.30 am) and in the evening (5.45-6.45 pm) during four days. In addition to a time budget, the horses? positions in the enclosure were registered.