To regularly remove woody vegetation along the roadside of forest roads is an important part of the road maintenance, since the vegetation binds moisture in the road side and, thus, the removal makes the road drying faster with results in improved bearing capacity. Vegetation removal also makes it easier to upgrade the road by material recycling from the ditch and, moreover, the visibility along the road is maintained.The aim of the study was to evaluate what type of chain flail is the best and most cost-effective for removal of different kind of woody vegetation along forest roadsides.Time studies were made on two chain flails when removing woody vegetation in three different classes; easy-, middle- and heavy shrub removal. The studied flails were one light and rather simple flail named Optimal M160 and a heavier and more advanced flail named Slagkraft H210. The removal was made according to Holmen Skogs? specification and the quality of the cleaning was measured by objective belt inventory.The productivity was higher with the heavy flail within all cleaning classes.

A uniform environmental rating system for green buildings is demanded in today's society, where the requirements of the energy consumption for real estate are increasing. There are several different systems around the world used to rate buildings, all with different assessment criteria and starting points, which make it difficult to compare environmental rated buildings with each other.The purpose of this paper is to acquire knowledge about the differences between the Swedish environmental rating system Miljöklassad Byggnad and the American LEED, to discover which system is most advantageous. We also examine whether environmental rating affect the value of a property.Miljöklassad Byggnad is relatively simple structured, which makes it possible for private individuals to rate their property. LEED is better structured on the other hand in the case of environmental classification of commercial properties, because there are manuals for among others hospitals, schools and retail. The rating system for Miljöklassad Byggnad is good since the system seeks to fix the number of errors and deficiencies as soon as possible.

Holmen Skog has in some places in their operation area access to timber trucks with centre mounted scrapers. They make transportation more flexible and reduce reliance on contractors for road maintenance. The trucks with centre mounted scrapers have a higher tare weight, making them less productive and therefore they receive compensation with a 0.75 % increase on transportation price. The purpose of this study was to investigate what actions a timber truck with centre mounted scraper can perform with acceptable quality in winter, and to examine if it is an economically profitable solution for the truck operator and charterer. The study was done in three stages; interviews, performance analysis of the transportations carried out and an economic analysis with the help of Sven Erik Gilles spreadsheet tool. The study included the districts Delsbo and Hudiksvall.

Ett av de mest komplexa gränssnittsområdena på Scanias lastbilar är gränssnittet mellan komponenter och ramsidobalkarna. Orsaken till detta är att det inte finns något standardiserat gränssnitt på hur infästningen av en rammonterad komponent ska ske, utan varje komponent har idag ett unikt gränssnitt mot ramsidobalken. Detta försvårar möjligheten till fri placering och speglingsbarhet längs ramsidobalkarna.Detta examensarbete har utförts i syfte att ta fram en beskrivning på hur en rammonterad modul bör utformas, vilka gränssnitt den ska ha mot ramen samt vilken standardiserad längdenhet den bör delas in i. Vidare har de komponenter och parametrar som påverkar chassikompositionen studerats för att få en bild över den problematik som finns när en flexibel chassikomposition ska uppnås. Examensarbetet behandlar komponenter mellan hjulhusen och de komponenter som studerats är bland annat: Trycklufttankar, SCR-tankar, ljuddämpare, tvärbalkar, bränsletankar och fjädring.Målet har varit att ge rekommendationer på hur dagens chassikomposition kan förbättras för att öka flexibiliteten och få en mer modulär produkt.Efter övergripande studier av dagens komponenter har ett koncept tagits fram på hur ett gränssnitt bör se ut för infästningen av en rammonterad komponent, var media ska dras och var fästen för påbyggnationer ska placeras.Resultatet visar att den första komponenten bör börja på ett avstånd av 675 mm från det teoretiska framaxelcentrumet i stället för de 700 mm som det är idag.

Biogas is a gaseous fuel, rich in methane, produced through a biological route in an anaerobic digester. A gas engine generates combined heat and power, which can be used at the farm to reduce energy cost. The process also generates a digestate, with better utilization of nutrient compared to cattle manure. The aim of this study is to analyze the profitability of a farm-scale biogas plant for combined heat and power (CHP) at Wapnö. Wapnö is an agriculture company located in the southern part of Sweden.

The release of green house gases and the environmental impacts humans have on the environment are huge and might cause irreversible changes to our earth. Meat is considered to have large impacts on the environment, especially beef meat and therefore there have lately been considerable discussions on the sustainable level of meat consumption and production. The main goal with this thesis is to study sustainable meat production and meat consumption in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Indicators for sustainable meat production and meat consumption were developed and applied on three cases. Interviews were carried out with a municipality in the region that represents the consumer and three beef farmers that represents the producers.

The thesis mission is to investigate whether the swiveling laser that Vectura (former Vägverket Konsult) has in use to measure the road areas and straddle measuring can be used to detect differences in the reflective road markings function. This is to increase use of the swiveling laser and get rid of the manual measurements performed today.Currently, the measurement of road markings reflective function is performed with both mobile and handheld measuring instruments. The purpose of this thesis is to develop better methods for determination of road markings? reflective function, in order to facilitate the description and suggestions for improvements of the maintenance of road markings reflective function.The questions that the thesis has been to start with are:Can the swiveling laser detect differences in longitudinal and transverse road markings reflective function?The accuracy of measurement has been sweeping the laser over the reference instrument (LTL-2000)Is it necessary with a conversion factor for swiveling laser data against the reference instrument data?To answer the question 2 and 3, there has been a field work in Värnamo where a road stretch with longitudinal road markings and zebra crossing (transverse road markings) has been investigated with a swiveling laser and LTL-2000.The formulas and calculations contained in the thesis are drawn from scientific reports that are produced by VTI in Linköping. The same formula that was used to calculate the optical measurement data was also used for the swiveling laser data.

The Societety Park (Societetsparken) of Varberg here in Sweden, established in the year 1883 (1856), is one of the most famous parks in Varberg. Today it is, more or less, only used as a park that you will walk through in the wintertime, under the summer season though, the park starts blooming and then it is used for public music and singalong evenings. Earlier it was an old health resort park with its fine old traditions.The Societetsparken was a private owned park until 1902 when the town purchased it. On this plot there was already a smaller park and it was established as early as in 1856. It was called Badhusparken (The Public Bath Park) and it belonged to the hot- and cold-bathhouses, and these baths were very well frequented.

Sammanlagt inter­vjuades tre banker och fyra företag. Dessa företag är Be-Ge, Elajo, Saft och Scania och bankerna är Handelsbanken, Nordea samt Swedbank. Företagen är samtliga verksamma i Oskarshamn och bankerna i Kalmar, detta är inget vi ansåg vara en belastning för uppsatsen då vi tidigt gjorde antagandet att bankernas förfarande inte varierade nämnvärt som en följd av dess geografiska läge, vilket även bekräftades under empiriinsamlingen.Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka de valda företagens iordning­ställande av kalkyler som under­lag för investeringar. Även att undersöka de större bankernas genomgång och an­vändande av kalkylerna som underlag för kredit­beslut. Samt att se hur finanskrisen har på­verkat in­vesterings­bedömningar i företagen så väl som hos bankerna.Vi har valt att arbeta utifrån en huvudfråga samt fyra forskningsfrågor.

I detta examensarbete undersökes vilka principer som styr hyresnivån för en grupp äldreboenden i Enköpings kommun, samt hur drift- och underhållskostnadsnivåerna är jämfört med kommunala äldreboenden i resten av Sverige. Bakgrunden ligger i att fastighetsförvaltarna på Enköpings kommun anser sig inte kunna ta ut den hyra de behöver för att underhålla husen i den omfattning som behövs. Fastighetskontorets kostnader för bland annat underhåll, mediaförbrukning, administration jämförs mot statistik. Dessutom granskas internhyressystemet genom att undersöka hur väl kommunen följer sina egna direktiv och styrdokument samt genom att jämföra styrdokumentet mot tillgänglig litteratur. Enköping har historiskt sett lagt låga summor på både planerat och avhjälpande underhåll av fastigheter. Detta har varit en följd av att kommunen har haft, och fortfarande har, låga hyresintäkter jämfört med många andra kommuner i Sverige.

AbstractIn November 2011 the Swedish Government announced that they were conducting an investigation to examine what impact the conversion of existing rental stock to condominiums could have on the development of the Million programme areas. The proposal of converting rental stocks to condominiums aims to help people living in these neighbourhoods to private ownership, while still allowing people who want to continue to rent their homes to do that. This thesis intends to investigate the effects of the proposed reform from a management perspective. The maintenance of the areas built during the Million Programme gets more neglected every year that passes. The majority of the housing stock is rental properties and extensive renovation of the surface layer, tribes and public spaces are essential in all Million programme areas studied. By transforming a portion of the housing stock into condominiums and by improve the living environment through renovations, these areas would be able to gets more attractive.

AbstractThis master thesis was performed at Scania transmission department in Södertälje, where the manufacturing of gears is done. Today a large amount of manual handling is performed between the machining and the hardening process. Most of the manual handling is done at the heat treatment department. The purpose of this master thesis is to give a suggestion on how to reduce or eliminate the manual handling at the heat treatment department. The possibility to use the same packaging throughout the processes will also be investigated.

Under en krock med lastbil inträffar det olika typer av brott i strukturen, till exempel i punktsvetsar. För att kunna prediktera och simulera ett korrekt deformations- och brottbeteende hos lastbilshytten krävs att dessa svetsbrott efterliknas på ett realistiskt sätt. Idag modelleras punktsvetsarna med hjälp av ej deformerbara sammankopplingar utan brottvillkor. Målet med arbetet är att med hjälp av en beräkningsmodell med brottvillkor på punktsvetsar kunna förutse punktsvetsbrott och på så sätt bättre kunna simulera ett verkligt krockförlopp. I detta examensarbete har olika brottmodeller undersökts och brottparametrar för diverse hopsvetsade materialkombinationer har tagits fram.

The aim of this study is to examine the media coverage of gender-neutral marriage from an intersectional perspective ? with particular regard to gender, sexual orientation and religion. By focusing on the spokespeople who appears in the articles we have made an attempt to answer questions regarding who was heard in the debate on gender-neutral marriage and how the homosexual couples are portrayed in relation to the above criteria.The collected material consists of 89 articles, published in 2009, in Swedish newspapers which have been analysed by using quantitative content analysis. Ten articles have also been selected for a critical discourse analysis based on Norman Fairclough?s approach.

Underhåll av anläggningstillgångar är en funktion lika komplex som anläggningstillgångarna i sig. Det handlar inte enbart om hur och när något underhålls utan också om hur verksamheten ska styras och ledas, och om underhållsstrategi. En underhållsstrategi är en plan för att nå satta underhållsmål. Vid underhållsavdelningen på Kronfågel i Åsen finns emellertid inga mål eller andra styrande dokument. Avdelningen arbetar därför så taktiskt som möjligt i förhoppning om att ligga i linje med företagets bästa.