I denna uppsats diskuteras sambandet mellan risk, marknadseffektivitet och volatilitet. En studie görs för att se om volatiliteten (kursrörligheten) har ökat i enskilda aktier under tidsperioden 1988-1999. Vidare behandlas vilka faktorer som kan ge upphov till volatilitetsförändringar, vilka konsekvenser en förändrad volatilitet får för olika typer av investerare samt om utvecklingen är förenlig med EMH (den effektiva marknadshypotesen).Studier av volatilitet är intressanta p g a den risk som uppstår för olika marknadsaktörer vid en ökad volatilitet. Uppstår felvärderingar på aktiemarknaden finns även risk för att kapital fördelas på ett sätt som inte är optimalt. I stora drag kan man definiera begreppet volatilitet som ett mått på hur stor osäkerheten är inför den framtida kursutvecklingen för en aktie.

Traditionellt sett har olika kapitalförvaltares prestationer utvärderats enbart genom att man har observerat den avkastning som respektive förvaltare har lyckats erhålla. Sedan ett antal år tillbaka har dock den erhållna avkastningen i allt högre grad ställts i relation till den risk som de aktuella placeringarna är kopplade till. Ett sätt på vilket man kan bestämma den risk som en portfölj har är att uttrycka och mäta risken som Value-at-Risk (VaR), vilket kan definieras som ett mått på den med viss sannolikhet förväntade förlusten från ogynnsamma marknadsrörelser över en definierad tidsperiod. Det finns idag både enklare och mer avancerade metoder för att uppskatta VaR. Tidigare forskning har till stor del koncentrerats till att undersöka hur olika typer av VaR-metoder lyckas uppskatta risken för olika portföljer i förhållande till varandra.

In this paper the authors are trying to understand what separates men from women when they save and invest their money. But also what factors that influence them in their decisions. To investigate how men and women actually act when investing their money the authors construct a survey. The authors also turn to the Swedish banks for information on how they think there customers are behaving. The authors find that men are more risk- taking than women and therefore invest more in products with higher risk, for example shares.

In recent decades, demands has emerged that the companies shall take a greater social responsibility for the impact that they have on their environment and that this impact shall be reported, which is known as Sustainability Reporting. The Sustainability Report is based on a number of general principles that ensure the content and the quality of the Sustainability Report. One of these principles is the principle of completeness. In the research, this principle seems to have been interpreted in terms of number of reported aspects and indicators, which can be a limited view where only the existence of the aspects and indicators is observed. By including the degree of the reporting in terms of full, partial and no reporting as well as a comparison between the real and the alleged reporting, our intention is to extend the principle of completeness and to develop a tool that we also apply through an empirical survey in a particular area.

To support, enhance and, in the future, develop the activity within the county councils in Sweden, IT support systems are currently used to a large extent. The need to document is central to the health care organizations and the counties have come a long way in the introduction of electronic patient record systems (EPR). The aim of the EPR systems is to support the care processes and the clinical professions in their work.This is a master thesis in the area of human-computer interaction (HCI), Department of Information Technology at Uppsala University. The aim of the thesis was to describe and compare the five most common EPR systems in Sweden. The comparison will focus on some usability aspects and on how well they support the users in their clinical practice.

Crypreservation of oocytes is recently being considered to be a valid choice in infertility treatments.Low survival and fertilization rates due to inefficient slow freeze protocols have been the outcome ofmany previous studies done in the field. However, introduction of the vitrification technique and itsapplication in reproductive medicine and to some extent new improved slow freeze protocols haveshown that oocytes can be cryopreserved with successful outcome.In this project the survival rate of oocytes after vitrification with MediCult Vitrification andWarming Media has been studied. Also, a comparison of the carriers Cryoloop (an open system) andCryopette (a closed system) has been performed.A total of 43 oocytes were vitrified and warmed according to MediCult's protocol, of which 21oocytes with Cryoloop and 22 with Cryopette. The cells were post-thaw incubated in a physiologicalenvironment for 24h. During that time the morphology and viability were observed and noted after 2h,over night and after 24h.

Flowcytometric technology has been widely used for measurement of the absolute numbers of T-lymphocytes subsets in Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), defining the disease state, monitoring antiviral treatment, and identifying any risk for opportunistic infections. A manual preparing of the samples is required. More recently an automated and enclosed blood cell counting, Celldyn Sapphire has been introduced. In this study the performance of the Flow cytometer EPICS XL as a reference method for analysis of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8 T-lymphocytes was evaluated with blood from 40 individual?s samples.

Background: There has been an increase in savings and investment in recent years along with an increased interest in responsible investments. Ethical mutual funds has developed and gained increasingly popularity.Aim: The aim of the study is to examine if ethical mutual funds are an equivalent alternative to traditional mutual funds in terms of return, risk and risk-adjusted return on the Swedish stock market.Theory: Beta, Jensen's Alpha, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, and Modern Portfolio Theory.Method: Quantitative survey method, a statistical study.Conclusion:The study concludes that there is no significant difference between ethical and conventional mutual funds in terms of return, risk and risk-adjusted return. The small differences that exist between the two fund groups are in favor of the ethical fund group, indicating that funds is a comparable investment option compared to traditional mutual funds..

Patienter som är malnutrierade eller risk för sådan kan vara svåra att identifiera inom sjukvården, vilket i det postoperativa förloppet kan leda till komplikationer. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa vilken påverkan malnutrition kan ha på det postoperativa förloppet efter kirurgiskt ingrepp samt vilket tillvägagångssätt som används för att identifiera patienter med risk för malnutrition. Metoden var en litteraturstudie som granskade 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna hittades i PubMed, MedLine och Science Direkt. Resultatet visar att screeningmetoder som kan skilja på den underliggande sjukdomen och malnutrition är mer tillförlitliga. Behandlingen blir mer effektiv eftersom orsaken till malnutritionen identifieras och kan åtgärdas. Risken för komplikationer ökar ju mer malnutrierade patienterna är.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka varför triadiska köpprocesser avbryts och vilken som är den vanligaste anledningen till att detta sker. Vi vill få svar på om brist på tillit och upplevd risk, låg användarvänlighet eller bättre alternativ är anledningar till att triadiska köpprocesser avbryts. Vi undersöker även vilken av dessa tre anledningar som är den vanligast förekommande orsaken till att triadiska köpprocesser avbryts. Den empiriska datainsamlingen görs på e-handelsföretaget HinnerDu.se. Det teoretiska ramverket används som grund för den kvalitativa undersökningen som består av 30 intervjuer med personer som enligt empiriföretaget avbrutit köpprocessen på hemsidan.

Approximately 400 people in Sweden die each year by lung cancer caused by radon gas. Authorities have in recent years invested big resources and organized campaigns to encourage people to take action against high occurrence of radon in residences. With low frequency of applications for radon allowances as the main measure, a lot interprets on a very low commitment. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the reasons for the low commitment among people. The study is based on a questionnaire survey sent to 444 house owners in Uppsala.

The aim of this literature review was to make a comparison between the feeding requirements of Swedish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and meat producing cattle (Bos taurus) within farming. Reindeer are an intermediate feeding type; they have the ability to adapt to short term seasonal changes in food. They avoid eating fibre as much as possible and display highly selective behaviour while foraging. Adaptation to harsh environments with a limited amount of food has made reindeer dependent upon easily digestible food and consequently their digestive systems are less capable of processing plants with high fibre content. Herding is an extensive system which requires a significant amount of land and labour and describes the reindeer industry.

This thesis is a case study with a qualitative approach. The company examined is The Astonishing Tribe (TAT) making user interfaces for mobile phones. The company has had a growth of 1453% from 2002 until 2006. We have examined what are the key factors for keeping innovation while growing. The most significant factor not supporting innovation within the case company is the will to take calculated risks.

Agricultural drainage is widely used to manage the amount of water in the ground in order to improve conditions for cultivation. However the effects of drainage companies on water regimes are considerable leading to runoff changes such as altered stream flows, peak flows and water levels. In a greater extent this could imply an increased risk for floods along affected watercourses. This study analyzes the extension of agricultural drainage within the drainage basin of Trosaån in Sweden by ArcGIS mapping. In a statistical analysis, historical variation in streamflow in relation to mean precipitation and mean temperature are investigated for the study area.

Människor har en viss mental kapacitet. Beroende på situation och uppgift belastas denna kapacitet olika mycket. Huvudhypotesen i detta examensarbete lyder "en persons mentala belastning ökar om hon/han upplever att risken ökar", oberoende av de krav uppgiften ställer, dvs uppgiftens svårighetsgrad.Undersökningen utfördes som ett experimentet med inomgruppsdesign och 24 försöksdeltagare. Två oberoende variabler med vardera två nivåer användes: Konsekvens, normal/ökad och Information om svårighetsgrad, normal/ökad. Dessa var avsedda att manipulera riskuppfattning.