Larvae of Lepidopteran Manduca sexta and Spodoptera littoralis are pests of economical importance in several horticultural and agricultural crops. Knowledge of insect feeding preferences and behavior is crucial in order to find economically and ecologically sustainable solutions to the problems caused by these herbivores. The aim of this thesis was to study the behavior and the induced feeding preferences in larvae of M. sexta and S. littoralis when reared on certain host plants. The hypothesis was that larvae of M. sexta would have an innate preference for plants of the Solanaceae family and therefore discriminate the previously experienced nonhost when faced with the choice between a true host and the previous food source.

Uppsatsen kommer att beskriva hur Handelsbanken, Skandiabanken och Swedbank går tillväga när de ska riskklassificera sina fondportföljer. Intervjuer har genomförts med respektive bank för att få en klarare bild på hur dessa använder olika teorier och räknesätt för att fastställa en risknivå på en specifik fond och även material från bankernas hemsidor har använts för att komplettera ämnet. Bankerna använder sig av olika riskskalor vid kategorisering av olika fondportföljer och standardavvikelsen samt value at risk ger svar på den faktorn som dessa tar mest hänsyn till vid kategoriseringen utav aktiefonder, räntefonder, blandfonder samt hedgefonder. Standardavvikelsen som majoriteten av bankerna använde sig som det väsentliga måttet för rikklassificering som beräknas på historiska värden från en tidsperiod på för det mesta 3 år men beräkningar på 5 år kan även förekomma. Detta mått gör det möjligt för investerare att förstå hur hög risk en fond har för desto högre standardavvikelse desto högre risk.

Den omgivning organisationer idag ställs inför blir alltmer krävande. En allt hårdare reglering, hot från nya teknologier, samt de företagsskandaler som härjat i media, har lett till att dagens organisationer ser på risk på ett nytt sätt. En utveckling som nyligen skett inom riskhantering är Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). Denna uppsats undersöker den roll ERM, och i synnerhet ett nyutvecklat ramverk som används för att implementera ERM, har i en organisations riskarbete. Ramverket, COSO:s ERM, består av åtta kontrollpunkter som enligt ramverket bör finnas i en organisation som utför sitt ERM-arbete på ett korrekt sätt.Studiens syfte är att undersöka likheter och olikheter mellan en organisations riskarbete och COSO:s riskhanteringsramverk samt den teoribildning som skapats kring Enterprise Risk Management.

This thesis investigates whether it is accordance between the different profit measures in the financial market. The first aim of the thesis is to examine if it exists a difference between the profit measures that companies publish in their fourth quarter interim report and the measures that they state in their annual report, issued some months later. The second aim is to examine whether there is a divergence in definitions and the assumption regarding the risk of bankruptcy between profit measures published by companies and analysts. The study focuses on Swedish companies listed on the OMX Stockholm Large Cap and concerns the years of 2006 and 2007. The analysts interviewed are working in Sweden with listed Swedish companies.

I Sverige finns en betalningsform för tandvård som kallas ?Abonnemangstandvård? som innebär att du som patient har möjlighet att ingå ett avtal om tandvård till ett fast pris. I Värmland var man tidigt ute med denna modell och kallar den för frisktandvård för att belysa att man inte enbart ser det som en betalningsform utan även som ett sätt att bedriva vård. Tandläkaren genomför en initial riskbedömning inom fyra olika huvudområden och för respektive område allmän risk, teknisk risk, karies risk samt parodontal risk sätts en siffra 0-4 för att representera olika risknivåer. Ett sammanfattande mått leder i sin tur leder fram till en abonnemangsklass för patienten.

The aim with the present study was to investigate whether there is a difference between the course participants who find their way to the dog-school respective the Swedish Working Dog Association. The study have focused on four issues; why the course participants have chosen the dog-school respectively the Swedish Working Dog Association, why the participants bought their dog, if the participants are satisfied with their dogs and if it is more likely that they turn to the dog-school?s than to the Swedish Working Dog Association with their first dog? Course participants from two dog-schools and from two of the local clubs belonging to the Swedish Working Dog Association in Skaraborg, Sweden, answered a questionnaire. In total 85 answers were collected, including 60 from the course participants from Swedish Working Dog Associations and 25 from the dog school?s course.

Gistrand, C. has studied ?Explore young people's problematic backgrounds and their views on the opportunities and obstacles in order to improve their health?, University of Gävle in the course theory and method of application and thesis work.The object of the study was to give young people space to make their voices heard. Further on to make unemployed youths perceptions of perceived opportunities and obstacles in their way to get a job, internship or study, visible. The object of the study was also to show youths? views of health and what they thought about the contributions to society.The method was qualitative, with three semi-structured interviews with men between 20-24 years old (and problematic childhoods, for instance alcohol and drug use) was conducted..The result shows that unemployment increases the risk of illness and unhealthy habits.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if there is a risk that Sweden will go in to crises at the house market and in the bank sector. The Swedish house prices have in the last years growth very high and quickly and are now over the development in the beginning of 1990. The method I use to investigate this is a multiple regression model. I follow a regression that both OECD and the Swedish Riksbank use. The difference between my analyse and theirs is that we use different periods..

In this paper Swedish hedge funds and strategies are discussed and analysed. These new financial forms seem to draw recently a huge attention both in media, press and the academic world. The fact is that hedge funds have existed already for a long time but it is still known too little about them. After the introduction of hedge funds, different asset pricing models are discussed including the most basic of all ? CAPM and further Fama and French three factor model as well as the expanding model with conditioning approach.

This essay deals with the various difficulties that can arise in conversations and meetings with parents and colleagues in the preschool world. The essay is based on two self-perceived stories that culminate in dilemmas that are difficult to assess, where our own actions come into question.The purpose of this essay is to gain a greater understanding and awareness of why we become insecure when our communication with others fails. Our research questions assist us in gaining an understanding that our own and others' behavior in meetings and conversations can be influenced by past experience, ourvalues and our emotions. This means, for example, that we must be aware that our values - ideal images, functions as both our guide and trip wires. We must also bear in mind that our ability to manage our own emotional reactions is  significant when it comes to facing our own and others' feelings.

Young people of today have a much wider access to information on sex and relationships, and they receive this information from a variety of different sources. This information can sometimes paint a diverse and inconsistent picture. School constitutes one of these sources, and one of the few places were young people can discuss and reflect on these issues together with their peers as well as adults. The purpose of this essay is to gain insight on what adolescents between the age of 15 to 18 think about sex and relationships and their thoughts about sex education in school. It?s a qualitative study based on discussions with adolescents divided in four focus groups, two groups of girls and two groups of boys.

Most studies regarding wolf (Canis lupus) predation on moose (Alces alces) have focused on the total annual consumption of moose within a wolf territory but few have tried to describe the spatial impact of wolf predation on a local scale. In this study I have analyzed wolf movement data, wolf predation, moose hunting statistics and moose hunter observations to investigate how wolf predation affects the human harvest of moose in Scandinavia. Since wolves prey on mostly juvenile moose during summer, analysis of their summer movement patterns is crucial to understand its impact on the human harvest later during autumn. In this study both reproducing (n = 45) and non-reproducing wolves (n = 12) reduced their movement range during summer to 66% and 67% of their annual movement range, respectively. Reproducing wolves increased their movement range from early to late summer while non reproducing wolves did not.

Konsumtion av etiska livsmedel tycks ha fått ett rejält uppsving under senare år och många sträcker sig så långt att de talar om en ny grön våg. Det konsumeras allt mer ekologiska, Fairtrademärkta, KRAV-märkta och närproducerade livsmedel. Men vad är skälet till att vissa konsumenter väljer att i princip uteslutande handla etiska matvaror medan andra är till synes likgiltiga, och kan det ha ett samband med hur hög grad av oro konsumenter hyser inför framtida konsekvenser av sitt köpbeteende?Vi har studerat hur studenters uppfattning av risk kan kopplas till deras köpbeteende i samband med etiska matvaror. Vår huvudfråga lyder ?Konsumenter som väljer etiska varor är mer oroliga för framtida konsekvenser av att inte förändra sin konsumtion än icke-etiska konsumenter.? Vi ville se om oro för framtida konsekvenser, i stil med miljöförstöring och hälsoproblem, kan kopplas till en ökad konsumtion av etiska produkter i syfte att ge en ny infallsvinkel till marknadsföring av dessa produkter.Vår studie tar stöd i en generell modell över risk kopplat till konsumentbeteende, framtagen av Åsa Boholm, vilken vi sedan har tillämpat på just konsumtion av etiska livsmedel.

The purpose of this study was, if possible, to find a housing system for growing bulls that was as optimal as possible for the animal welfare. In order to select housing systems you must take into account the size of the group, body weight and the type of floor. Seven of the international most common housing systems were compared, straw bedding, deep straw bedding, sliding straw bedding, concrete slatted floor, rubber coated slatted floor, cubicles and feeding cubicles. Studies that have examined the proportion of tail, claw and leg injuries and the presence of unnatural behavior in the different systems. In summary, all studies showed that soft underlay were beneficial for the animals in terms of the proportion of bone lesions and swellings.

Operationell risk inom banksektorn är ett område under utveckling. Utredningen har behandlat ett ramverk för hantering av operationell risk kallat A Systemic Approach Framework for Operational Risk (SAFOR). Syftet har varit att konkretisera detta ramverk och inom detta utvärdera en metod kallad Damage Evaluation and Effective Prevention (DEEP-metoden) i kombination med ett datoriserat beslutsverktyg benämnt DecideIT. SAFOR hanterar operationell risk som är nära kopplat till företagets processer, personer och system. Dess utformning grundar sig i general system theory, en holistisk verksamhetssyn som minskar risken för överlappning mellan olika riskhanteringsområden.