In this thesis, the flows of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in Scania were investigated and quantified. The thesis was also intended to form a basis for comparison between the urban nitrogen flow and other flows of nitrogen within Scania. The management of nitrogen in society has disturbed the natural nitrogen cycle. This is linked to a series of environmental problems such as eutrophication, acidification, global warming and smog. The method used was Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) for Nr. For calculation and flow charts Scania was divided into three subsystems; air, water and society.

Syfte Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta undersöka huruvida det finns någon skillnad mellan skuldsättningsgraden inom produkt- och tjänstebranschen. Ett delsyfte till uppsatsen är att undersöka hur räntekostnaden ser ut och huruvida det finns signifikanta samband mellan de olika branschernas gällande ovanstående faktorer.Metod Undersökningen är en fallstudie med en abduktiv kvantitativ ansats. Empirin består av sekundärdata i form av årsredovisningar.Teori Teorin har utgått ifrån genrens klassiker i form av Modigliani & Millers två teorem, Pecking order teorin samt Trade-off teorin.  Även Hallgrens modell om risk har tillämpats.Empiri Data är insamlad från sex byggföretag samt från sex revisionsföretag. Skuldsättningsgrad, räntekostnader samt omsättning är granskad dels inom branschen och dels jämförande mellan branscherna. Empirin är testad genom signifikansanalyser.Resultat Det finns inga signifikanta samband mellan bygg- och revisionsbranschens skuldsättningDet finns inga signifikanta samband mellan bygg- och revisionsbranschens räntekostnadDet finns inga signifikanta samband i byggbranschens skuldsättningDet finns inga signifikanta samband i revisionsbranschens skuldsättning.

Since the Chinese economy?s reform in 1980, it has been attracting enormous foreign investments. Many Swedish firms from different sectors such as technology, manufactory production, consumer, service industries and so on, had started their investments in China. China has become the first choice for global manufacturing due to the huge market, continuous economic growth, stable political situation, sound investment environment and the WTO membership. In addition, China's enormous potential in finance, service, infrastructure, telecommunications, wholesales and retail industries will also attract a great deal of foreign capital.

The debate on the future of Nuclear power in Sweden has increased with the discussion on global warming. The uncertainty of fossil fuel- and carbonprices the latest years has aroused considerable interest in Nuclear from power companies, industry and politicians. Nuclear power plants have negligible CO2 emissions and are not directly affected by increased price of emission rights and fossil fuels. The future power production needs to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases to become sustainable. The purpose of this study is to examine the value for power producers to have the option to invest in Nuclear power and how a Nuclear power venture would affect future electricity prices. The study uses two methods, a traditional cash flow model and real option analysis, to estimate the value of Nuclear power.

Titel: Revenue Management Nyckeln till framgångsrik intäktsoptimering? Författare: Charlotte Karlsson & Maria Lantz Nivå: Examensarbete, Magisterprogrammet Service Management, Lunds Universitet, Campus Helsingborg Handledare: Mikael Bergmasth & Pavla Kruzela Problemformulering: Det har forskats mycket kring Revenue Management och ledarskap men kopplingen mellan dessa har utelämnats. Det är viktigt att ledaren kan skapa en förståelse för vad och varför de anställda utför sitt arbete. Därför kan brist på bra ledarskap leda till problem. Syfte: Vårt syfte med denna magisteruppsats är att undersöka hur hotell arbetar med intäktsoptimerade källor som Revenue Management.

The knowledge of early employment experiences has evolved over the last decade in countries such as Australia and Great Britain. In Sweden, this type of research is still unusual and the aim of this study was to break new ground by highlighting some areas that could be of extra interest in the Swedish early employment research to come. A focus in the study was to give an overview of what job sectors school students work in; and the amount of jobs aquired through school-organized work placement, private social networks or personal marketing of own merits. In addition to this, a multi variate analysis was carried out to find patterns in the picture of early employment experiences among students at upper secondary school. The findings of the study has relevance for ways of conducting career counselling and therefore the general aim of this study is to point out the importance of developing the practises of vocational psychology.A survey among 74 teenaged school students with economics as their main subject has been carried out in a mid-size Swedish city May 2012.

Dagens konkurrenskraftiga samhälle medför större rivalitet om kunderna vilket omöjliggör för företag att endast vara passiva och vänta på kundernas infinnande. Istället krävs differentiering för att utmärka sig bland ett stort antal existerande företag. Ett sätt är att forma speciella band till kunderna som gör dessa lojala till det egna företaget. Men frågan är om det verkligen finns förutsättningar för att detta ska kunna ske inom dagens detaljhandel? Vad är det som behöver förbättras för att större kundlojalitet ska kunna uppnås?Syftet med vår uppsats är att studera hur företag inom retailbranschen arbetar med att skapa långsiktiga kundrelationer.

Bakgrund: Idag satsar distributörerna i detaljhandeln på differentiering genom att lansera egna märkesvaror till flera olika segment och till högre priser. Detta brukar kallas den fjärde generationens EMV och det är ett relativt nytt koncept i Sverige i jämförelse med andra länder. Detaljhandelskedjan Axfood är en aktör som har inlett en utökning genom lanseringen av Garant som vi anser vara en EMV av fjärde generationen.Problem: Leverantörernas varumärken har under lång tid ansetts vara ?riktiga? märken medan distributörernas egna märkesvaror endast är för priskänsliga konsumenter. Tidigare studier visar att konsumenter är villiga att betala ett högre pris för LMV pga.

The trends in trade have been changing in the last few years. To offer a good product with agood price is not enough today, it?s also required that businesses create a good relationshipwith their customers and then do their best in maintaining it. It is now even more brandscompeting in the market, which indicates how a good relationship between the parties can bean important competitive advantage and also a significant variable.The goal and purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the factors that influence thatthe supplier, in the sporting goods industry, is seen as a good supplier on the basis of theretailer's point of view. Then we want, from different sized companies, analyze and study howthey work with the key properties in creating a good customer relationship and hencecustomer satisfaction.

Sustainability work is something that is emphasized more and more. Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, is discussed and the question of how much responsibility companies should really take is frequently in the news. Companies tend to ask themselves how much responsibility they should take. CSR is a common concept of companies environmental and social work and a concept we tend to see here and there in our modern society. CSR includes companies? social responsibilities, both in terms of carbon footprint, working conditions, social responsibility and more.

Context: Congruent ambient scents are not used extensively in marketing and there is only some research in this area within the Swedish retail. Moreover, there are not many studies that show how ambient scents influence customer behavior in a Swedish clothing store.Purpose: Examine and analyze which of the ambient scent vanilla and white orchid that suite and can provide a signature fragrance to the clothing store Kompaniet in Kalmar. The purpose of this study is therefore to compare how these scents affect the customers? behavior in the servicescape.Method: A deductive research strategy with an experimental design. The experiment was performed in Kompaniet in Kalmar.Theory: Our theoretical framework consists of sensory marketing, male and female shopping behavior, the sense of smell and ambient scent in the servicescape atmospherics.Results: Here we present a presentation of Kompaniets servicescape.

Objective: In recent years there has been an increasing interest within the clinical (medical) science in measuring people?s health. When estimating quality of life, present practise is to use the EQ-5D questionnaire and an index which weighs the different questions. The question is what happens if the individuals estimate there own health, would it differ from the public preferences? The aim is to make a new prediction model based on the opinion of patients and compare it to the present model based on public preferences.Method: A sample of 362 patients with unstable coronary artery disease from the Frisc II trial, valued their quality of life in the acute phase and after 3, 6 and 12 months.

Detaljhandeln och dess konsumenter har sedan andra världskriget genomgått en stor förändring. Hos kunden skildras denna förändring i ett mer oberäkneligt konsumtionsmönster, samtidigt som detaljhandeln då tvingas utvecklas för att möjliggöra uppfyllandet av kundens nya behov. Forskning har visat att kundens köpbeteende allt mer styrs av värdeupplevelsen och att om en detaljist kan leverera kundvärde kan denne bli framgångsrik. Det är problematiskt att förstå vad en kund upplever som värdeskapande i köpprocessen, vilket vår uppdragsgivare önskar få hjälp med att åskådliggöra.Syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att ta fram en modell som utifrån värdeskapande variabler skall hjälpa uppdragsgivaren att förstå de faktorer som leder till att kunden upplever värde under köpprocessen och vilka effekter dessa ger för detaljhandelns förändringsarbete.Metod: Uppsatsen består av en litteraturstudie som inkluderar en systematisk litteraturöversikt och en analys av kvalitativ karaktär. Metodvalet resulterar i byggandet av en modell, vilken ämnar besvara uppsatsens syfte.Resultat: Den genomförda studien har visat att det finns fyra viktiga förutsättningar som ligger till grund för den utveckling som detaljhandeln har genomgått.

Background: Thanks to the globalization and the EU the international trade is growing faster than ever and companies are able to change ownership across the borders of the nations. Today one can talk about global marketplace with a deeper integration of the economies of the world. The rapidly growing list of mergers of Swedish companies since the last 10 years indicates that the global companies of today is using mergers as a strategic tool for continue their growth. However the number of unsuccessful mergers is big. The need of understanding and knowledge about different cultures is growing in the global business climate of today, since the collaborations across de national borders are increasing.Problem formulation: Which international strategies are fortunate in international mergers with Swedish companies?Purpose: The purpose is to analyze the integration of the three mergers; Vin&Sprit ? Pernod Ricard, Astra - Zeneca and Telia ? Sonera.Method: This study is a case study with a qualitative approach.

In article 1.2 c) EC regulation 852/2004 it says that the regulation is not applicable to producers who directly supply small quantities of primary products to the final consumer or to the local retailers who in their turn directly supply the final consumer. An almost identical regulation can be found in article 1.3 c) EC regulation 853/2004. The supply by a primary producer of small quantities of primary products, of animal origin or not, are consequently excepted from these two hygiene regulations. In article 1.3 EC regulation 852/2004 and article 1.4 EC regulation 853/2004 it says that the member states are to establish national rules in their national legislation as to the regulation of exception for small quantities. The aim of this study was to investigate the handling of small quantities of primary products distributed locally in Sweden but also the handling of these products in other countries.