An attempt was made to GFP-tag the effector proteins of AvrLm6 and AvrLm4-7 using the GFP-tagging gene knockout method (GGKO) developed by Saitoh et al. (2008) in order to determine whether or not they are secreted. Successful pETHG-(target)KO vectors were not generated. The protocol was examined for potential errors. Fatal errors were pinpointed to the ligation reaction and the transformation required to generate and propagate the desired vector pETGH-(target)KO.

I den här uppsatsen har jag undersökt hur tre professionella skribenter, alla reportrar på Läns-tidningen Södertälje, har upplevt att ge respons på varandras texter och få respons på sina egna. Textresponsen har omfattat de tre aspekterna formalia, språk och disposition.De frågeställningar jag ställt upp för min undersökning är: Vad har reportrarna för bakgrund och hur ser deras skrivprocess ut före textresponsarbetet? Vilka förväntningar har reportrarna inför textresponsarbetet? Hur uppfattar reportrarna textresponsarbetet? Upplever reportrarna att deras skrivprocess påverkats av textresponsarbetet och i så fall på vilket sätt?Jag har använt mig av en kvalitativ metod i min undersökning. Genom två intervjuer med varje reporter, en före och en efter textresponsarbetet, har jag fått ovanstående frågor besvarade. Min analysmetod är etnografisk, då jag observerat deltagarna under intervjuerna och därefter analyserat deras svar utifrån tidigare forskning.Intervjuerna visar att reportrarna före textresponsarbetet hade väl utvecklade sätt att lägga upp skrivarbetet.

Barley is one of the most important cereals cultivated in the Nordic countries. Climate change brings warmer and moisture climate which favors fungal diseases. In the cropland barley can be seriously infested with hard fungus attack. Since it is important that the yield bears a high quality it is of great importance to find varieties more resistant to attacks.Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are stress proteins induced in the plant in response to infection and abiotic stress (van Loon, 1997). PRs are shown to have antimicrobial activity differing between bacteria, fungi and oomycetes (Tandrup Poulsen, 2001).

Barley is one of the most important cereals cultivated in the Nordic countries. Climate change brings warmer and moisture climate which favors fungal diseases. In the cropland barley can be seriously infested with hard fungus attack. Since it is important that the yield bears a high quality it is of great importance to find varieties more resistant to attacks.Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are stress proteins induced in the plant in response to infection and abiotic stress (van Loon, 1997). PRs are shown to have antimicrobial activity differing between bacteria, fungi and oomycetes (Tandrup Poulsen, 2001).

The eyewitnessed reportage has a pronounced character of narrating. The imaginative power of the text helps the reader to empathise with the characters. That makes constructing empathy a necessary skill of reporters. But how can this be done?Despite a tradition of story telling among reporters, narratologists virtually have neglected the reportage genre.

Barley is one of the most important cereals cultivated in the Nordic countries. Climate change brings warmer and moisture climate which favors fungal diseases. In the cropland barley can be seriously infested with hard fungus attack. Since it is important that the yield bears a high quality it is of great importance to find varieties more resistant to attacks.Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are stress proteins induced in the plant in response to infection and abiotic stress (van Loon, 1997). PRs are shown to have antimicrobial activity differing between bacteria, fungi and oomycetes (Tandrup Poulsen, 2001).

Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva och analysera vilka faktorer som är motiverande samt vilka belöningar som är av betydelse för de medarbetare som tillhör den yngre generationen vilken är född på 70- och 80-talet.Metod: För att uppfylla vårt syfte och för att få en bred teoretisk bakgrund har vi genomfört en litteraturstudie inom områdena personalidé, motivation och belönings-system. Vi har även studerat tidigare empiriska under-sökningar som har utförts gällande den yngre genera-tionens värderingar och attityder. Uppsatsen är av förståelsekaraktär och av den anledningen har vi nyttjat intervjuer som insamlingsmetod för vårt empiriska material.Resultat: Våra slutsatser är att möjlighet till utveckling och lärande i en föränderlig arbetsmiljö, stimulerande arbetsuppgifter, god personalidé med bra värderingar, individuell kompetensplanering, självständighet, social gemenskap, flexibilitet, samt utrymme för delaktighet och eget ansvar är viktiga faktorer för den yngre gene-rationen vid deras val av arbetsplats. Den yngre gene-rationen motiveras framförallt av utveckling, ett meningsfullt arbete, den rådande sociala gemenskapen och företagskulturen. Faktorer såsom lön, arbetsmiljö, trygghet, flexibilitet och balans i livet blir viktigare ju äldre de blir.

Sulforafan är en isothiocyanat-förening som finns i stora mängder i olika kålväxter. Sulforafan har setts ha en kemopreventiv inverkan bland annat genom att inducera fas II-enzymer styrda av transkriptionsfaktorn nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 är mycket viktig i cellers skydd mor oxidativ- och elektrofil stress och inducerar uttrycket av många olika gener, bland annat olika tranportproteiner. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) är en av transportörerna som tros induceras av Nrf2. BCRP finns i stora mängder i lakterande juvervävnad men också i många andra vävnader där den transporterar läkemedel ut ur cellerna.

Jag har i min studie kommit fram till att representationen av kön fortfarande är relativt ojämlik. På de flesta poster, oavsett om det är i form av intervjuad eller reporter, är män i kraftig övervikt, och kvinnor är inte sällan statistiskt mindre till antalet.Min studie stämmer bra överens med tidigare gjorda studier på området, men har även vissa skillnader - framförallt ligger dessa skillnader i procentsatsen på det studerade materialet.Det tycks inte heller, baserat på min studie, vara någon skillnad om man studerar material från mer kommersiella kanaler, med exempelvis kanaler som är icke-kommersiella. Resultatet blir liknande i båda fallen..

In this thesis, three separate experiments have been performed on different aspects of the interaction between the causal agent of clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae, and its hosts. In the first experiment the pathotype of the P. brassicae single spore isolate, which is currently used to construct a reference genome, has been classified using the ECD bioassay. The disease severity of infected plants was scored according to two different scales and the pathotype was determined according to three previously published guidelines. The results were compared to previous published studies describing the e3 isolate. The life cycle of P. brassicae is not well understood.

A method for intra vitam detection of bornaviral infection and diagnosis of bornaviral dis-ease in the cat is currently lacking. The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of using the proximity ligation assay (PLA), with its capacity of recognizing femtomolar con-centrations of a protein, as a method for detection of the minute quantities of antigen and antibodies that are present in the tissues and body fluids of a bornaviraly infected cat. For this purpose reliable comparative assays, in the form of an ELISA and an IFA, had to be established. When this proved impossible within the time frame of the project, the aim of the study had to be abandoned, further underscoring the need for improved means of detec-tion of bornaviral antibodies and antigen..

The role of the professional photographer is ever changing. The changes take place as the Swedish media industry itself, due to fluctuations in the economy, is forced to change. As the demand for printed news wane, the advertisers seek out other media and free newsprint & the internet take over large portions of the market, the newspaper industry is forced to cut issues and make drastic changes to stay in business. This changes directly affects the way news bureaus are organised and inevitably changes the working conditions of their employees. The two competing newspapers ?Arbetarbladet? and Gefle Dagblad? in the Gävle district were affected by this kind of change in quite a unique way.

Multiple Congenital Ocular Anomalities (MCOA) is a genetic disease that affects primarily Silver coloured horses of breeds such as the Rocky and Kentucky mountain horses. In these breeds the Silver dapple colour is very popular leading to an increase of affected horses. The major feature of the disease is ocular cysts of variable size. Large cysts also lead to a variety of secondary syndromes, for example retinal detachment. In previous studies the locus for MCOA has been mapped to an interval of 420 kb on equine chromosome six.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases, causing an ascending paralysis that usually kills the patient within a few years from disease onset. The motor neurons show aggregates of proteins which in approximately 20 % of cases of the familial form contain mutated SOD1 protein. Trehalose is a disaccharide which has been shown to reduce protein aggregation and increase viability in cell models and alleviate symptoms in animal models of several neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein aggregation. When given orally to the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, trehalose failed to slow down the disease progression, which has led to questions about the uptake and distribution of the molecule in this mouse strain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether significant levels of trehalose reach the central nervous system of the SOD1G93A mouse after oral administration. This was performed by a trehalose assay of the brain of trehalose treated animals. A glucose assay was optimised for use in small samples of brain lysate after the digestion of trehalose into glucose by trehalase, and the difference in glucose concentration before and after digestion represented the trehalose level.

The object of this thesis is the foundation of ethics. The question is whether there exists a universal core to ethics consisting of a fundamental ethical principle across cultures. This principle could for example be the so-called Golden Rule, which goes as follows: ?You should do to others what you want them to do to you?. The Golden Rule is to be found in many of the world?s religions and is also reflected in secular society.