The soil acidification and the pH-value of the soil have been discussed for many years. Many observations of the tree species effects on the soil pH have been done. We have discussed the effects on the soil surface pH-value with a birch (Betula spp. L.) admixture in Norway spruce stands (Picea abies L.).We have used data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. We have also discussed how the wood production and the biodiversity can be increased in mixed stands, in according to the Swedish forestry act Skogsvårdslagen. Our sampling areas are located in Norrland, Sweden. The results show a significant correlation between an increased birch admixture and an increased pH-value of the soil.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the origin of generalized trust. We compare existing theories on trust to determine what approach is more fruitful in explaining the prevalence, or absence, of trust. Our conviction is that trust should be viewed as an interaction, rather than a disposition or a rational choice. The sample is based on the countries of the OECD. In total, five different hypotheses are tested: i) that generalized trust is created by equal distribution of income, ii) that generalized trust is created through monitoring of the state, iii) that generalized trust is created through rule by law; iv) that generalized trust is created when the welfare apparatus is guided by principles of universalism; or iv) that generalized trust is created when the state integrates trust networks.

This thesis deals with the concept of how price affects demand for a good by estimating various price elasticities of demand for snu sold in Sweden. Information was gathered on price development for snus and cigarettes as well as sales data from Swedish Match, the largest supplier of snus in Sweden. Income-, price- and cross-price elasticities were estimated based on log-log regression. Results show that snus is an inelastic good since the coefficient for price of snus was -0.536. This proved that a 1% increase in price causes a 0.536% decrease in quantity demanded.

Syftet med studien var att ta reda på brottsbekämparnas tankar och idéer angående fenomenet cannabissmuggling till Sverige, hur de anser att man bäst skall göra för att minska eller få stopp på smugglingen av cannabis. Undersökningsgruppen består av åtta brottsbekämpare som arbetar i brottsbekämpande myndighet (polisen & Tullen) med god insyn i cannabisproblematik. Brottsbekämparna intervjuades med en semistrukturerad kvalitativ intervju och fick då berätta med egna ord om sina erfarenheter av att bl.a. bekämpa smuggling av cannabis. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av rutinaktivitetsteorin och rational choice-teorin samt tidigare forskning.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att hitta och analysera argumenten som användes i debatten angående den regionala försöksverksamheten i Sverige samt undersöka deras validitet rent rationellt. Den har även som syfte att hitta och jämföra argumenten i debatten om Skåne som region och Västra Götaland som region. I bakgrunden redovisas begreppet region och även hur de regionala frågorna växte fram i Sverige och Skåne. Teorin som används för att undersöka om argumentationen är rationell är modellen The Rational Actor. Undersökningen bygger på en argumentationsanalys där argumenten är strukturerade i Pro- respektive Contra-argument.

The European Union's long-term budget negotiations during the summer of 2005 were obstructed from being successful due to a quite fierceful debate about the future guidelines of the Common Agricultural Policy. A quarrel about money and who gets what, was the common answer as to why it took the European leaders six months to accept the budget, and quite rightfully. This essay, however, goes beneath those explanations and tries to see what other reasons there might be for such a phenomena.With a new institutionalistic approach this study seeks to see what underlying reasons for why an institution such as CAP is so resistant to change. With special attention to the new historical institutionalism and the rational choice institutionalism the study successfully shows that though the front laying reasons to the problems with the budget might have been economical, several other factors also affected the outcome of the budget negotiations.Structures, national identity and decisions taken when outlining the Common Agricultural Policy in the 1960's still affect the European union, its members and foremost of all, the Policy/institution itself..

Detta examensarbete på D-nivå beskriver skapandet av BI-applikationer och analys av treolika BI-system. Projekten har givits av Cederroth International AB som är ett av Sverigesstörsta företag inom dagligvaruhandeln. Uppsatsen ger en inblick i vad BI är och hur BIfungerar i företagsvärlden. Det ges även en stegvis beskrivning i hur en applikation skapasmed hjälp av BI-systemet QlikView och analyser av BI-systemen QlikView, SQL Server 2005och BusinessObjects XI om huruvida dessa uppfyller de funktionella kraven på ett BI-verktyg.Bakgrundsinformation om Cederroth och dess system för affärsdatahantering ges också iuppsatsen.Den BI-applikation som beskrivs i denna uppsats involverar finsk återförsäljningsdata.Stegen från grunddata till färdig applikation beskrivs och förklaras ingående i uppsatsen.Analysen av de tre BI-systemen som därefter gjorts har beskrivits i en del därgrundinformation följs av en analys med hänsyn till de funktionella aspekterna i BI-systemen.Denna analys resulterade i ett likvärdigt resultat för de tre BI-systemen. BI-systemen hadedock olika lösningar på de funktionella delarna..

This bachelor thesis deal with the Soviet submarine U-137 and it's grounding inthe Swedish archipelago outside the city of Karlskrona and one of Sweden?slargest naval-bases. The actions that took place in October 1981 were specialbecause of the clear violation of Swedish territory. When the Swedish authoritieslater suspect nuclear armament onboard the crisis gets worse. In the thesis wehave examined the Swedish politicians and military and their behaviour duringthe crisis.

This paper examines possible applications of fuzzy logic on the field of artificial intelligence in digital games. It describes fuzzy logic in contrast to crisp logic. The paper will give several examples of possible applications of fuzzy logic-based decision making for game AI. These examples include the choosing of weapons for AI agents and the gas-break decision of an AI-controlled car. The paper will also analyze the impacts of game AI which makes decisions based on many factors.

Since 2007 the American sitcom the Big Bang Theory has spread throughout the world. With its twenty million watchers it is one of the most popular sitcoms of our time. The starting point for this essay is that the humourus series with the more or less geeky main characters is more than just entertainment - it is a part of the mediatization of religion. This means that media is affecting the recipients? view on religion in general and the personal religion.

Allt sedan 1960-talet har det utvecklats så många systemutvecklingsmetoder att det kan vara svårt, som systemutvecklare, att välja rätt metod till det utvecklingsprojekt som ska genomföras. För att underlätta valet av systemutvecklingsmetod kan ett jämförelseramverk vara användbart. Detta för att lättare kunna sätta sig in i de utvecklingsmetoder som finns till hands att välja mellan.Denna rapport fokuserar på att jämföra systemutvecklingsmetoden eXtreme Programming med Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) och Rational Unified Process (RUP). Detta görs med hjälp av ett jämförelseramverk. Syftet är att erhålla en djupare kunskap om vad eXtreme Programming är för en typ av systemutvecklingsmetod och vad den har att erbjuda som de mer etablerade metoderna, SSADM och RUP, inte kan erbjuda och vise versa.Resultatet av rapporten är ett jämförelseramverk som kan användas på ett strukturerat sätt för att erhålla information om systemutvecklingsmetoder.

Problem: The great interest towards the company?s values has contributed to it becoming more common for individuals to seek out organizations that have a strong corporate culture. Where you work and whom you work for has thus become the dominant factors instead of what you are working with.Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how the corporate culture, the rational and emotional benefits are experienced by the employees of the company. The aim is also to examine whether the corporate culture can become a management control measure by good communication between employees within the organization.Methodology: The essay is based on a qualitative research method and empirical data were collected through interviews from the company MTR Stockholm.Theoretical Frame of reference, Edgar Schein, Three Levels of Culture, Seven dimensions.Results: The study has shown that there are different cultures within the company. But also that there is a strong corporate culture within the business, the respondents feel an affinity with working within the underground rather than working for the company MTR Stockholm..

Denna rapport jämför prestandan mellan state-of-the-art AI-botar i racing spelet TORCS och en AI-bot som kör med hjälp av ett artificiellt neuralt nätverk (ANN-bot). ANN-boten, som implementerades som en del av arbetet, använder en feedforward arkitektur och backpropagation för inlärning. Ett separat program som användes för att träna det neurala nätverket med träningdata som spelats in från TORCS implementerades också. Som state-of-the-art AI-botar användes AI-botar som har använts i en tävling. De fyra AI-botarna testades på åtta olika banor och data om hur lång tid varje varv tog och hur snabbt AI-botarna körde sparades och sammanställdes. Resultaten visar att på banorna som ANN-boten klarar av att köra runt så är ANN-boten snabbare än en den långsamaste state-of-the-art boten, men ANNboten klara inte av majoriteten av banorna som den testades på.

As artificial intelligence (AI) has gained more influence in recruitment, both recruitment processes and the role of the recruiter are changing. This study aims to describe and analyze how recruiters translate, use, and relate to AI in their work. Through a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews and document analysis, the study explores recruiters? experiences, attitudes, as well as perceived obstacles and opportunities regarding the use of AI in recruitment. With a theoretical foundation in translation theory, fashion, and imitation, the study examines how AI is not only followed as a trend, but also shaped and adapted locally through translation, depending on organizational identity and needs.

The Stockholm Bypass is an infrastructural project planned to be located west of Stockholm. This study investigates the argumentation concerning the project from different perspectives. The theoretical starting point is within Decision Theory. The main theories include Bounded Rationality, Kingdon's study of the political agenda and theory regarding venue shopping, framing and lobbying. The method chosen for this qualitative case study consists of both gathering data through semi-structured interviews and through documents provided by stakeholders and information available publically through archives and media.