Many participants in the Swedish timber market procure raw material from private forest owners. They often also offer forest services to ensure reforestation after final felling. Selling silviculture services can be a part of creating a long term relationship with the landowner for future timber purchases. The Swedish Forest Agency monitors forest rejuvenation results in the entire country. In the latest survey (2006 - 2008) the proportion of approved regeneration area was 78%.

In this work I have tried to reconstruct the forest history within Särna-Idre forest common in northern Dalarna from the 19th century until present time. The Särna-Idre region has been an extensively used landscape for a long time. Pollen which indicates grazing has been found in samples orginating from the 10th century. Early travellers from the 18th and 19th centuries seem to have been passing trough a "used" landscape. Burned forests on naked ground are described as common. Also large areas are mentioned as undisturbed with lots of large trees, snags and dead wood.

För att en fastighet ska kunna fungera ändamålsenligt krävs ibland att mark tas i anspråk utanför den egna fastighetens gräns. Exempelvis kan detta handla om en väg som upplåtits på grannens fastighet för att knyta an den egna fastigheten med det allmänna vägnätet. Det finns idag i Sverige ett flertal olika sätt att tillgodose detta behov av gemensam mark. Gäller behovet för ett flertal fastigheter kan det med fördel lösas genom att bilda en samfällighet/gemensamhetsanläggning. Förvaltning av dessa går att lösa på två sätt ? delägarförvaltning där alla beslut tas gemensamt av samtliga delägare och föreningsförvaltning där en samfällighetsförening bildas med styrelse och stadgar.

AbstractElectricity consumption is a globally increasing problem caused by the high share of electricity produced in coal power plants. These contribute to high carbon emissions when only about 1/3 of the heat generate electricity and the remaining 2/3 of the heat cools off. Combined heat and power plants (CHP) have high efficiency because they use the residual heat for domestic heating. The CHP plant often use fuels from renewable resources, giving them a lower carbon footprint, but are also depending on the heat demand. If electric powered products such as drying cabinets convert to heat powered products more environmentally friendly electricity will be produced by CHP plants, which can supplant electricity, produced from coal power plants and reduce carbon emissions.

Våren 2011 var det stora debattämnet i media, bland konsumenter och hos fastighetsmäklarelockpriser. Med lockpris avses att en bostad annonseras till ett väsentligt lägre pris än detbedömda marknadsvärdet på bostaden. Motivet var att locka till sig fler spekulanter till eneventuell budgivning. Innebörden avväsentligt är inte helt fastställt i lagen, vilket görbegreppet svårtolkat. I och med attutgångspriserna var satta så lågt jämfört med vadslutprisetblev så fick fastighetsmäklarna utstå mycket kritik.

This thesis compares different methods for risk assessment of a creosote contaminated site in Vansbro, Dalarna. In a complementary study the importance of using representative data for calibration and validation of stationary groundwater models is discussed. The time dependency between surface water levels and groundwater levels on the site in Vansbro is evaluated by step response analysis. The results show that the groundwater levels reflect only long-term variation in the surface water levels. Hence the use of such long-term means for calibration and validation of the stationary groundwater models is the only theoretically defendable alternative.As a first step in the comparison of risk assessment methods the degree of contamination is evaluated on the basis of generic guideline values for contaminated soils, developed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

 Ur ekonomisk synvinkel är kontinuerligt arbete för förbättrad kvalité viktigt, men kostnader måste sättas i proportion till de förbättringar som kan uppnås så att varje investerad krona omsätts på mest kostnadseffektiva sätt. I det genomförda examensarbetet har parametern slagseghet hos verktygsstål varit i fokus. Det är en liten del i en lång rad av kvalitetskrav som måste uppfyllas innan verktygsstålet kan levereras till kund.Examensarbetet har utförts i samarbete med Uddeholms AB på avdelningen för forskning och utveckling i Hagfors. Initiering till arbetet och dess syfte är att undersöka brottorsaken hos fyra olika verktygsstål som underkänts i slagseghet. Kan brottorsaken fastställas kan man kanske hitta orsaken till att felet uppkommit, ändra i processen och på så sätt få ett bättre utbyte, en högre kvalité och lägre kvalitetsbristkostnader.Uddeholms AB har en medveten strategi i sitt kvalitetsarbete.

In metabolism Mg plays an important role because it affects many cellular enzymes in the body. The energy metabolism and protein synthesis are dependent on Mg as an enzyme activator, Mg is also involved in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. Absorption of Mg primarily takes place over the ruminal epithelium in ruminants. The main storage of Mg is in the bones but that can only be reached if the cow is in great need of calcium or phosphorus, it's a hormonal regulated process that induces catabolism of bones. Free and available sources of Mg are found in soft tissues and in the extra cellular fluids that includes cerebrospinal fluids and blood.

We describe in this work - how the commercial real-estate companies build relationships with their tenants. We describe also how the tenants experience these relationships with the real-estate companies. This work acts about relationships and its build-upp and conserving. The literature about the working ways with relationships in the commercial real estate sector is not so extensive, despite an increased popularity of relationship-marketing since beginning of 1990s. We choosed to examine how the relationships functions nowadays with help of interviews targeted to contacts in five of us selected real-estate companies.

 Ur ekonomisk synvinkel är kontinuerligt arbete för förbättrad kvalité viktigt, men kostnader måste sättas i proportion till de förbättringar som kan uppnås så att varje investerad krona omsätts på mest kostnadseffektiva sätt. I det genomförda examensarbetet har parametern slagseghet hos verktygsstål varit i fokus. Det är en liten del i en lång rad av kvalitetskrav som måste uppfyllas innan verktygsstålet kan levereras till kund.Examensarbetet har utförts i samarbete med Uddeholms AB på avdelningen för forskning och utveckling i Hagfors. Initiering till arbetet och dess syfte är att undersöka brottorsaken hos fyra olika verktygsstål som underkänts i slagseghet. Kan brottorsaken fastställas kan man kanske hitta orsaken till att felet uppkommit, ändra i processen och på så sätt få ett bättre utbyte, en högre kvalité och lägre kvalitetsbristkostnader.Uddeholms AB har en medveten strategi i sitt kvalitetsarbete.

AbstractBachelor thesis G3 in Business Administration, Linnaeus University School of Businessand Economics, Financial Control, 2FE90E, Spring Semester 2010Authors: Kennerth Eriksson and Leo H KochAdvisor: Lars-Göran AidemarkTitle: Balanced Scorecard in governmental organizations ? About, how and its meaning.Background:  The Balanced Scorecard is a Control System that includes both financial andnon-financial measures which intend to link the short-term business management with the long term vision and strategy. Businesses in the public sectors are different fromthe private sector on several levels and they often seek to reach multiple targets.Therefore, their choice of Control System becomes interesting. According to the SwedishNational Financial Management Authority (Ekonomistyrningsverket) among others, thereis no clear knowledge of how widespread the Balanced Scorecard is in governmentalorganizations. The lack of that knowledge is one of the questions at issue with this thesis.Is it only a few organizations that are using the Balanced Scorecard or parts of the model?Another question at issue is about how the Balanced Scorecard is used in the point ofcontrolling in the organizations we chose to investigate further.Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is partly to investigate the existence and use of theBalanced Scorecard in governmental organizations and partly to describe the design ofthe Balanced Scorecard in the studied organizations and explain why they have chosen towork with the Balanced Scorecard and what impact it has on them.Demarcation: The first part of this study has been demarked to only look at the existenceof the Balanced Scorecard in governmental organizations.

The eutrophication of inshore seas, lakes and watercourses is mainly due to leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus (P) from agriculture. Many efforts are made to reduce the lea-kage of phosphorus in Sweden and the Baltic Sea countries. Phosphorus is also a finite resource and the mining of good quality raw material gets more and more difficult. Se-dimentation dams in combination with filters is one relatively new method to separate P from run-off and drainage water from agricultural land. This study was a part of an IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute?s project which tests the capacity and func-tion for separation of phosphorus in four phosphorus filters.

With the farming methods of the past century the agricultural landscape has changed. This has led to the fact that many habitats and species have been significantly reduced. Sweden is committed to the preservation of biodiversity through various conventions and laws. In the EU's Common Agricultural Policy there are currently agro-environmental schemes, which were created as an instrument for reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on nature and environment. Within this system any farmer who perform environmental measures are financially compensated for this.

With the farming methods of the past century the agricultural landscape has changed. This has led to the fact that many habitats and species have been significantly reduced. Sweden is committed to the preservation of biodiversity through various conventions and laws. In the EU's Common Agricultural Policy there are currently agro-environmental schemes, which were created as an instrument for reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on nature and environment. Within this system any farmer who perform environmental measures are financially compensated for this.

Abstract This paper discusses protectionism of intellectual property rights in general and the conflict between large pharmaceutical companies? rights to patent and developing countries? rights to cheap generic preparation in particular. The essay focuses above all on HIV/AIDS medicine. The description tries to give an image of the different interests that collide and why they collide. The different actors are above all the pharmaceutical branch, including researchers, inventors and salesmen with their economic interest of revenue, and the population of the development countries and their pressed situation considering the great need of medicine.