Post-anaesthetic myopathy (PAM) is a serious occasional complication of general anaesthesia in horses. It causes not only pain and suffering to the horse, but also suffering (trauma) to the owner with increased veterinary costs. In the worst case PAM can be fatal. The anaesthetic nurse must know which parameters have to be taken into consideration in the prevention of PAM, to be able to prevent it, and use that knowledge for the animals safety. The aim of this literature review was to investigate and make a presentation of the factors and measurements associated with PAM, with focus on how to monitor these measurements to prevent it from happening, and the advice a Veterinary nurse can give to the horse owner regarding this condition. According to literature there a few factors that greatly increase the risk of PAM, these include- hypotension, periods less than 60 mmHg significantly increases the risk.

Syfte: Var att beskriva vilka faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans tillämpning av evidensbaserad kunskap om trycksår i omvårdnaden.Metod: Litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design, utfördes utifrån två kvalitativa, sju kvantitativa samt en vetenskaplig artikel med en kombination av ansatser. Vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan åren 2002 till 2012 söktes i databasen Cinahl.Resultat: Sjuksköterskans tillämpning av evidensbaserad kunskap i omvårdanden av trycksår, påverkades av attityder, kunskapsnivå samt den organisatoriska struktur som råder på arbetsplatsen. Sjuksköterskan som medverkat i special utformad utbildning eller som arbetar aktivt med kvalitetsförbättringsarbete har uppvisat en förbättrad kunskapsnivå. Vilket tillsammans med en positiv attityd medför en god förutsättning till en förbättrad följsamhet, gällande tillämpning av evidensbaserad kunskap i omvårdnaden av trycksår. Dock förekommer bristfällig, inadekvat såväl som föråldrad kunskap hos en mindre population sjuksköterskor.

Environmental objective 17: Sustainable consumption - An attempt to integrate the global impact of the Swedish consumption with the environmental objectives system The aim of this report was to integrate the global impact of the Swedish consumption withthe environmental objectives system through presenting a suggestion for a seventeenth environmental objective ? Sustainable consumption. How the Swedish consumption pressures the global environment and methods to measure the affects was investigated. The pressure was divided into five main fields: climate, air, water, land and chemicals. The impacton humans and the biodiversity was also discussed, as well as differences between how men and women affect the environment and get affected when the environment changes.

The concept of vulnerability is the capacity or the sensitivity to become damaged. Vulnerability are characterized by one or more of the following terms; a system´s sensitivity to exposure to shock, stress or interference, the state of the system in relations to a threshold of damages, and the system´s ability to adapt to the changing circumstances. Vulnerability in this study is referring to the sensitivity of the circumstances that lead to sustainable livelihood that can´t be maintain and that there is an inability to cope with and manage stress. The choice of making a study in this area is based on that action needs to be taken to moderate the vulnerable aspects of society, in this respect in relations to storms. Analyzes of the social vulnerability to climate change or natural events is needed for effective actions.

KRAV-certified organic dairy herds generally have a lower milk yield than conventional dairy herds. A high-level of milk yield requires a feeding regime with high amounts of concentrates, a factor known to contribute to the development of claw lesions (Bergsten, C. 2003). The aim of this study was to compare claw health between organic and conventional dairy herds in free and tie stall systems. The number of herds from different domestic animal health associations was chosen in proportion to the association´s total portion of Swedish dairy producing herds of each type, respectively.

Bakgrund:Trycksårsproblematiken är omfattande och innebär lidande för patienter som drabbats i form fysiska, psykiska och sociala besvär. Lidandet innefattar även rädsla för smärtsamma och obehagliga behandlingar samt för de konsekvenser som dessa kan medföra i form av infektioner och amputationer eller för att såren inte ska läka. I sjuksköterskans arbete ingår att genom ett holistiskt synsätt och med evidensbaserade metoder söka förhindra och behandla trycksår. Syfte: Att belysa hur patienter med svårläkta trycksår upplever sin tillvaro ur ett livskvalitetsperspektiv. Metod: Uppsatsen har baserats på åtta studier med kvalitativ ansats och två studier med kvantitativ ansats.

Energy is an essential part of the society and for a sustainable future we need to use the energy resources in a sustainable way. The forest is Sweden?s most important resource for renewable energy and a higher production combined with shorter rotation periods (time from planting to clear cutting) can increase the access to energy. The tree genus poplar (Populus spp.) is interesting as energy resource as it has both high production and short rotation period. But browsing ungulates are a major threat to the establishment of poplar plants and therefore the poplar plantations need to be fenced in today. To use fences is expensive and time consuming; this makes it interesting to find more cost-effective solutions where there is no need to fence. The aim with this study was to look at the ungulates? occupation rate and browsing pressure in poplar plantations without fence.

The purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding about why Swedish banks choose to work and report CSR and also analyze differences and similarities between two banks.Research question: Why do Swedish companies within the financial sector choose to report and work with Corporate Social Responsibility?The major incentives to work and report CSR are because it benefits bank´s businesses, which is driven by stakeholders. Stakeholder pressure is also an important incentive, especially pressure from customers and employees. The incentives that differed between the two banks were morality of the business leader, society and the priority of stakeholders. The incentives that we could not support were guidelines and competitors-.

This study investigated the effects of rubber alley flooring on cow locomotion, claw and leg health, production, cleanliness, grooming behaviour and cow exclusion rate in a free stall herd. The study was conducted in a new dairy house with a rotary milking system, with a matched group of cows on traditional scraped concrete alleys used for comparison. All claws were trimmed and lesions recorded at the beginning and end of the 4-month study. Locomotion, claw and leg health, behaviour and hygiene were observed and scored at regular intervals during the study. The results showed that cows on rubber alley floors displayed significantly (p.

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine is promising in terms of lowNOx, low particulates and high efficiency. Due to its homogeneous charge, where thecombustion starts almost simultaneously from a number of points in the combustion chamber,only lean mixtures are possible to burn because of the resulting rapid combustion, which is muchfaster than the combustion in an SI-engine or a diesel engine. When richer mixtures are used thecombustion will start earlier and also be more violent.To phase the combustion later and lower the combustion speed, external cooled EGR can beused. The EGR-system used in this thesis uses a divided exhaust channel where one channel andits corresponding valve are used only for transporting EGR back to the intake system.Consequently the EGR-valve is connected to the intake pressure. This system is called Direct-EGR (D-EGR).Engine tests verified that the CA50 indeed is phased later when cooled EGR is used.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD), as a consequence of atherosclerosis in the arteria of the limbs, affects one of ten Swedes older than 65. PAD can develop slowly and silently, and involves an increased risk for cardiac infarction and stroke. Measurement of the patient´s ankle blood pressure and calculation of the ankle-brachial index is an evidence-based method to discover PAD. Objective: To investigate how district nurses and general practitioners perceive this method of examination and experience possible obstacles to why it is not more commonly applied at primary health care centres. Method: Data collected by semi-structured interviews have been processed by qualitative content analysis with a manifest onset.

Bakgrund: Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom den perioperativa vården har kunskaper och färdigheter om faktorer som orsakar trycksår så att förebyggande åtgärder kan genomföras. Det är väl dokumenterat att det finns stora kostnadsbesparingar för samhället i arbetet genom förebyggandet av trycksår. Trycksår i litteraturöversikter diskuteras främst i samband med långtidsvård, intensivvård och rehabilitering. Det är mindre fokus i litteraturöversikter på den akuta vården samt den operativa miljön relaterat till trycksår.Syfte: Syftet med den systematiska litteraturstudien var att kartlägga faktorer som är viktiga att uppmärksamma för att minska risken att utveckla trycksår perioperativt.Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvantitativ metod.Resultat: I resultatet presenteras faktorer i tre olika teman per, intra och postoperativa faktorer som är viktiga att beakta för det perioperativa teamet i det trycksårspreventiva arbetet. Återkommande faktorer som påverkar trycksårsutveckling var operationstid, diabetes, poäng i Bradenskalan, BMI, mobilitet, mätinstrument, blodtryck, läkemedel, anestesiform, temperatur, postoperativa tiden, friktion och skjuvning, utsatta områden där trycksår utvecklas samt fukt och inkontinens.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how girls groups, particularly in school, can help girls with feelings of stress and pressure they can experience in their everyday life. We also want to examine how girls groups can be used, and explain why they should be held in school and not only in other organizations. The information we?ve gathered comes from books and websites that cover the subject. In addition to this, we?ve also handed out surveys and implemented interviews with both younger girls with girls groups experience, a teacher and a youth recreation leader. The theoretical aspect of this essay stems from two different theories: Labeling theory and Strain theory.

There is a clear difference between the way football players and leaders regard the role of the referee, compared to the way the refereeing body looks at it. The refereeing body regard themselves as fundamental for the existence of the sport, while the other mentioned parties merely see them as functional justice makers. This view places the referees outside the field of football. This establishes a football culture, which is conflicted when it comes to the role of the referees on the field. The conflict comes to its edge in youth football, where the referees are under severe pressure.

Sahlgrenska Academy at University of GothenburgDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical NutritionAbstractTitle: Changes in blood pressure by replacing regular coffee with decaffeinated coffee,in healthy, normotensive subjectsAuthor: Linnéa Adolfsson and Hillevi Pilgren SautterSupervisor: Lena HulthénExaminer: Anna WinkvistProgramme: Dietician study programme, 180/240 ECTSType of paper: Examination paper, 15 ECTSDate: April 12, 2012Background Hypertension is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, which is themost common cause of premature death. Contributing factors to hypertension are genetics,lifestyle and nutrition. Earlier studies have shown that coffee may increase blood pressure.Objective To investigate the scientific basis whether replacing regular coffee with decaffeinatedcoffee would affect blood pressure in healthy, normotensive subjects.Search strategy Searches have been done in databases; PubMed and Scopus in February 2012.Keywords used were: ?coffee blood pressure?, ?coffee cardiovascular disease?, ? kaffeblodtryck?, ?kaffe hjärtkärlsjukdom?, ?coffee and decaffeinated coffee?, ?decaffeinated coffeeand blood pressure?, ?decaffeinated coffee and cardiovascular disease? and ?exchangedecaffeinated coffee?.Selection criteria Studies with healthy, normotesive subjects, >15 years old, BMI < 30, morethan one week of intervention, randomized controlled trails and human trials were included.Only trials using caffeine from coffee versus decaffeinated coffee and studies in English andSwedish were accepted. Exclusion criteria were other interventions such as weight loss, changesin diet, medications or stress tests.Data collection and analysis Studies were selected after inclusion and exclusion criteria.