E-post gör att det är snabbt och lätt att kommunicera och används därför i allt större utsträckning internt inom organisationer. Ibland är dock inte e-post den mest lämpade kommunikationskanalen och en del meddelanden kan vara direkt oönskade eller onödiga, internt spam. Vi har i denna uppsats undersökt hur internt spam påverkar individens arbetssituation, om det inte hanteras. Vidare har vi undersökt vilka åtgärder organisationer kan vidta för att hantera internt spam. Studien visar att individens arbetssituation kan påverkas på olika sätt beroende på kringliggande faktorer såsom hantering och organisering av e-post.

I have investigated the political culture of post-communist Russia. For a long time it has been assumed that, the history is of great importance in shaping the political culture. I wanted to find out if this was true, I chose to study the political culture of Russia. How great effects had the autocratically legacy of Soviet Union in the democratisation of Russia? My thesis show that the role of history isn't of such great importance, instead it's the Russian state that has had the greatest possibility of shaping the political culture of Russia but it failed.

Demenssjukdomar ökar världen över och innebär stora förändringar i vardagen för personer med demens samt dess närstående. Att genomgå transition innebär psykologisk anpassning till nya livssituationer. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva upplevelsen av att genomgå transition som närstående till en person med demens. Tolv vetenskapliga studier analyserades med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i sex slutkategorier: att känna en förlust av livet innan sjukdomen, att anta en förändrad roll i relationen, att stöd och information är av betydelse, att ha ett behov av egentid, att känna osäkerhet inför framtiden och att känna tacksamhet över livet.

Denna studie redovisar ett antal åsikter angående vägledning via e-post. Vi har använt oss av intervjuer med ett fåtal vägledare för att närmare granska vad vägledare anser om vägledning via e-post. Teoridelen behandlar både vägledning generellt, samtalsfärdigheter, informationsbaserad vägledning, etik samt vägledning via e-post. Vi vill med detta belysa olika aspekter av ordet vägledning och klargöra vad begreppet vägledning kan innefatta. Genom det material vi har bearbetat och tagit del av kan vi se att vägledning via e-post är något som är på frammarsch, och som ökar avsevärt hela tiden. Det måste dock fortfarande utvecklas till att bli bättre och tydligare, likväl som att de som arbetar på detta sätt måste fortsätta att utveckla sig. Än kvarstår rädsla för det nya och okända för många vägledare, som gärna blir kvar i det gamla och invanda. Flera vägledare ser denna metod som ett bra komplement till vanlig traditionell vägledning, men anser att det fortfarande är något som är mer informationsbaserat än vägledningsbaserat. Men måste det ena utesluta det andra? Ett uttalande som vi fastnade för under en av våra intervjuer, och som vi anser att alla borde ha i bakhuvudet när det gäller vägledning via e-post, vill vi gärna återge här: ?Om folk själva väljer den här formen att rikta sig till mig genom e-post med funderingar?då skall jag kunna hantera det på ett bra sätt, därför att det är individens val??.

The aim of this thesis is to study the cause of Egypt´s failed development of the transition to democracy and vice versa, the reason why Turkey succeeded in democratic transition. Thesis methodology is a comparative analysis between design units Egypt and Turkey. Thus, the most similar design used in the investigation.European Commission began in 1998 to review Turkey´s political and economic reforms to fulfil the Copenhagen criteria. 2005 began negotiations on a Turkish- EU membership. U.S and Egypt have enjoyed close economic, security and democratic cooperation since 1975.

The disintegration of the Soviet Union was a vast experience, not solely for the former members and inhabitants of the Soviet Union, but also for the rest of the world. This thesis examines Estonia and Uzbekistan's different experience with transition. By examining three different aspects of transition I seek to explain Estonia and Uzbekistan's different outcome of transition. Estonia has since their independence been fully aware of the process that started with their independence. They have reformed both the political and economic system, the industry is privatized, institutions democratic and Estonia is today a member of the European Union.

The three post-communist states - Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine ? have gone different ways in terms of freedom and democracy since the breakdown of the Soviet Union 1991. During these years, the state and the civil society have been fundamental actors in the struggle against, and even for, authoritarianism.A strong state with great capacity in Belarus has undermined the chances for the civil society to fulfil its task as a watchdog of the state and link between the citizens and the government.Failed authoritarianism in Moldova has led to a situation where both the state and the civil society are weak. The major problem is lack of organization and cohesion; both the state and the civil society have often been divided by ethnical differences and are therefore not strong enough to promote democracy.In Ukraine, the dominance of a strong state ended in 2004 when the Orange Revolution took place, sometimes called a ?peak of democracy? where popular mobilization and protests succeeded in it's opposition against the state.

Abstract During the last 15 years, the former ?really existing socialist? economies have undertaken an extensive transition process. In this paper the development, measured as GDP growth, is analyzed using variables for economic policy. The analysis is both theoretical, taking as starting point current positions in academia, and econometrical with the linear regression model. We show that while economic policy variables of inflation, economic freedom and institutional quality affect economic growth, the results are not only the ones predicted by the theory.

After being excluded from the Swedish Social Democrat party in 1917, the Revolutionary Socialists founded the Social Democrat Left Party. From this point onwards, the Social Democratic hegemony and dominant position within the Swedish workers movement and political landscape was challenged. This thesis aims to investigate the power struggles between these two parties, the Revolutionary Socialists and the Social Democrats, and their desire to influence control of the unions. Taking cues from earlier research calling for a more localized look at this struggle, this thesis turns to a case study of union matters of the the Factory Workers Union Local 84, at Västerviks Tändsticksfabrik, a match manufacturer and largest employer in the Swedish coastal town of Västervik from 1925 to 1930. Organizational material including meeting protocols, annual reports and member registration lists from the local political parties, cooperative union organizations (VFS) and Local 84 serve as secondary data sources.

There was a silence surrounding homosexuality in the People's Republic of Poland. One can almost get the impression that same sex love, and same sex relationships, did not even exist there; that the communists had successfully removed homosexuality from society. The roots of this silence can be found in the Communist Party´s disdain for anything deemed individualist and deviant, and also in the conservatism and religiosity of the Polish society.In my thesis I study when and how gays and lesbians found a way out of the silence that surrounded their sexuality. Gay men did so by creating subcultures, which found refuge in parks, public bathrooms and a few bars in larger Polish cities, and offered a sense of belonging for them. Lesbians, on the other hand, lacked this access to semi-public spheres, which made it even harder for them to find each other and create a space for their sexuality.

The conditions for art in Romania have gone through big changes since the collapse of the regime in December of 1989. Under the Communist regime the artists had to work within a dualistic system completely unlike the one that developed in the West during the same period.Similar to the other countries of the former Eastern block, the communist Romanian state had understood the great potential that art has as a form of propaganda. Thus the regime secured full control over the art that would be allowed into the public space. In response to the confines set on the artistic expressions, a non-official art began to develop alongside the official art of the state.These two layers of Romanian art history were dissolved when Ceausescu?s regime finally came to an end in 1989.

The Library of Uppsala University has decided to change their classification system from the Swedish SAB system to the American Dewey Decimal Classification. One of the main reasons for this decison was that Kungliga biblioteket also has made an exchange between these systems. Due to that, the national bibliography of Sweden classifies Swedish documents according to Dewey Decimal Classification and the SAB system is no longer maintained. A transition to Dewey Decimal Classification will enable Swedish librarians to import foreign catalouge posts and classification codes and will provide them with a common standard between their libraries and other libraries due to the use of the same international classification system. It is disputed whether the Dewey Decimal Classification is equally suitable for all subjects.

This thesis aims to study the impact of the transition from communism to democracy on the public libraries in Poland. The central areas of study are changes in: the organisation of the public library system, the role of the public library in society, the librarian's daily work and job situation and collection development. The thesis is based on qualitative interviews with public librarians, public library managers and researchers in Warsaw, Torun and Gdansk. The theoretical background consists of chapters outlining thoughts on democratic and communist library ideas and public libraries' responses to a changing society. The results show that the public library system has been affected by two major decentralisation reforms in Poland, leaving the libraries in the care of local governments.

Valdeltagandet bland förstagångsväljare har i Sverige och många andra västeuropeiskaländer sedan 70-talet och framåt stagnerat. Samtidigt har det post-industriella samhälletoch dess värden fått en allt viktigare plats jämfört med mer traditionella värderingar. Jagvill undersöka huruvida det ökande gapet i valdeltagandegrad från valet 1973 och framåtmellan förstagångsväljare och resten av valmannakåren beror på en ökad grad av postindustriellavärden bland förstagångsväljarna. Detta görs genom statistisk analys avmaterialet Svensk valundersökning under åren 1973 och 2006 distribuerade av Svensknationell datatjänst (SND). Det finns en tydlig tendens att post-industriella värden i högreutsträckning har internaliserats bland förstagångsväljarna över tid.

Klimakteriet är en naturlig process i kvinnanslivscykel där kroppen genomgår fysiologiska förändringar på grund av omställningari hormonnivån. Samtidigt är klimakteriet en utvecklingsrelaterad transition. Enligttransitionsteorin sker övergångsprocesserna inom en bestämd tidsram, följer enriktning och leder till förändringar i identitet, roll, relationer ellerbeteendemönster. Kunskap om dessa skeenden ochvad som påverkar kvinnors beteende under transitionen är en förut-sättning föratt sjuksköterskan skall kunna hjälpa dem att nå en hälsosam transition. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa faktorer som påverkar val avkvinnors copingstrategier.