Lip force has been found to affect the ability to achieve satisfying speech production and swallowing. A normative value for lip force in adults has been measured to 15 Newton (N). Corresponding value for children measured with Lip Force Meter 100 (LF100) does not exist. In the current study lip force was measured in children between the ages of five and ten years. The aim of the study was to obtain normative values for children with typical development in separate age groups.

Det här examensarbetet undersöker hur fem lärare arbetar med högläsning i grundskolans årskurs fyra till sex. Studien är kvalitativ och syftet har varit att utifrån ett didaktiskt perspektiv ta reda på hur lärare arbetar med högläsning i skolan. Urvalet för studien har förutom lärare på mellanstadiet varit skolor som har ett fokusbibliotek detta för att undersöka om dessa har haft inflytande på arbetet med högläsning. Underlag för studien har skapats genom intervjuer med verksamma lärare.Resultaten visar att samtliga lärare arbetar med högläsning främst på två sätt, dels när läraren läser högt och dels när eleverna läser högt. Förutom att bara högläsa använder lärarna olika metoder på ett varierat sätt.

The purpose of the project has been to work out recommendations that reduce the energy-related costs and environmental impact of HPW Fresh & Dry Ltd., a fruit drying factory in Ghana. The factory produces electricity with diesel and biogas but also purchases electricity from the national electricity company. Heat for the drying process is produced from biogas, kerosene and solar panels. In the project the energy system was analyzed by measuring production and consumption of heat and electricity. The project results show that the factory can become self-sufficient on heat if the available energy is used more efficient. The production units for both electricity and heat have low efficiencies.

Stressful routines for animal handling can reduce immune function and productivity of animals. If stakeholders are handling animals aversively, animals will show increased expressions of fear for humans and higher stress levels which lead to the compromise of animals? welfare. In Ethiopia, there are no legislations to protect animals from suffering or discomfort. The main objective of this study was therefore to analyse welfare of cattle on animal markets in Ethiopia and map out supply chains of animals to these markets.

Families with limited financial resources risk social exclusion in today?s consumption-based society, where status and identity are tied to items like clothing, gifts and activities. Limited financial resources can therefore often lead to social isolation because consumption is central to social participation, something that can rarely be prioritized in poor families. In preschool, unclear policies on extra costs can negatively affect families. The purpose of the study was to investigate how socioeconomically vulnerable families experience and are affected by the preschool and its requirements, as well as how preschool teachers work to reduce the economic gap among families in the preschool context.

Syftet med det här arbetet är att ge en inblick i hur miljöberikning har utvecklats samt hur det kan påverka stereotypa beteenden hos djur i djurparksmiljöer. Stereotypi är repetitiva beteendemönster som uppkommer av frustration och/eller av funktionsnedsättning i hjärnan. Stereotypa beteenden ses som tydliga tecken på nedsatt välfärd och förekommer i stort sett hos alla djurparksdjur i olika former. De mest förekommande stereotypa beteendena är s.k. "pacing" och oral stereotypi.

Marketing is a broad subject with many different areas. Part of the marketing that has been of great importance is the 4P:s also known as the marketing mix. Marketing mix is included in one of the traditional marketing approaches. In recent years there have been some changes and have begun looking at new ways of looking at marketing. One of the ways is entrepreneurial marketing to the effect that the company tries to use its resources optimally.

With the globalization, companies in the West chose to shift production to developing countries to cut down costs. This had a major impact when child labor and very poor working conditions in these factories were discovered and led many companies to take responsibility for their suppliers and the employees by adopting voluntary so-called Codes of Conduct.There is a subtle balance to enforce improvement of working conditions for employees at suppliers´ factories and to keep costs down. On the one hand, companies would like to conduct extensive audits at their suppliers to ensure code of conduct compliance and thus protect their legitimacy. On the other hand, audits are expensive so companies would like to minimize audits to keep costs down. Companies thus have to strike a delicate balance in relation to how many and what suppliers they choose to audit.

Jordan is a developing country and there are ten Palestine refugee camps throughout Jordansince the Arab-Israel conflict in 1948 and the Arab-Israel war in 1967. The camps are run byUnited Nation Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)which is the main provider of health care in the camp. Today, the fourth generation ofrefugees lives in the camps which are extremely overpopulated. The social and economicconditions in the camps are poor. The nurses' workload in the Health care centre in the campis getting harder and UNRWA's resources are getting strained due to funding shortfalls.

Per Wahlöö is one of Sweden´s most famous crime writers. Together with Maj Sjöwall he revolutionized the swedish crime novel in the mid-sixties with the Martin Beck-series. Before that he was working as a reporter in the fifties and started writing novels about the oppression of man, power and totalitarian mentality in the end of the decade. Those novels (1959-1968) are called ?The dictatorship?-series.

Vår allmänna litteraturöversikt baserades på artiklar avseende munvården hos äldre eller patienter som är beroende av hjälp. Dålig munhälsa kan leda till lidande och olika sjukdomstillstånd. Sjuksköterskors ansvarsområde omfattar munhälsan; de visade sig väl medvetna om dess inverkan på patientens livskvalitet. Undersökningarna visar olika brister: bristfälliga kunskaper hos vårdpersonalen, brister i vårdrutinerna samt tidsbrist. Vårdarnas motvilja och osäkerhet om patientens integritet och vårdtagarnas egna ointresse ända intill våldsamt motstånd bidrar till svårigheter.

Introduktion: Folktandvården skall erbjuda tandvård för alla barn och ungdomar till och med det år de fyller nitton, dessa år kallas friår och tandvården under denna period är kostnadsfri. Betalningssystemet i tandvården bygger på att patienten betalar per tillhandahållen tjänst. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka en grupp ungdomars munhygienvanor, tobaksvanor samt om de har för avsikt att fortsätta besöka tandvården efter det att friåren upphört Frågeställningar: Finns det skillnader mellan könen vad gäller deras avsikt att fortsätta besöka tandvården efter att friåren upphört?Finns det skillnader mellan tobaksbrukare och icke tobaksbrukare med avseende på deras avsikt att fortsätta besöka tandvården efter friåren upphört? Metod: Studien är gjord med hjälp av enkätundersökning. Resultat: Resultatet visade att majoriteten av deltagarna borstade tänderna två gånger per dag. På frågan om deltagarna hade för avsikt att fortsätta besöka tandvården efter att friåren upphört svarade majoriteten att de inte visste om det skulle fortsätta besöka tandvården regelbundet. Det fanns ingen stor skillnad mellan könen i deras avsikt att fortsätta besöka tandvården efter att friåren upphört.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a disease that can affect cats and is caused by a feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoV is spread via the feacal-oral route and many cats are carriers of the virus. Despite that, very few of the carrier cats develop FIP. The explanation of this phenomenon is that the virus has to mutate to be able to cause FIP and in the majority of the carrier cats this mutation never occurs. FIP is very hard to diagnose because the symptoms are diffuse and a completely accurate diagnosis can almost exclusively be established during a postmortem necropsy.

Background: There is no guarantee that products should be equitable produced. Many products in today's trade is produced by minors, resulting in poor working environment, and gives the workers low payment. Fairtrade is the only label on the market that ensures that farmers receive fair payment for their products. Aim: The central aim with our work is to see what the future consumers, in other words students from Lund's university, Malmö College and The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Alnarp, think about products labeled with Fairtrade, and what they consider is value creation for food products. Students are often relatively young; they educate themselves and have new thoughts and valuations about how the world should be.

In recent years there has been an upsurge in products and activities designed for infants, what is known as baby culture. The essay is a discourse analysis covering the part of baby culture which is concerned with infants and books. The essay studies texts from libraries and children?s bookclubs in order to understand what it is they communicate, to whom and the conceivable consequences of the communicated message. One of the main purposes of the study is to determine what view of infants as social and cultural beings it  is that arises from the texts.