During the last years a discussion has emerged around problems with Swedish state boards trying to influence the public opinion and even political bodies through different kind of information efforts. Several observers inside and outside the academy have studied how state boards increasingly use information as an instrument and also how political bodies increasingly have given such instructions to state boards. This essay put those studies into the context of both information political history and previous theoretical interpretations in that field of research.The analytical tool consists of four ideal typical ways ('state opinions') to arrange relations between the state and the citizen. Some critics focus on problems with too much political steering and how political majorities uses state boards to spread ideological propaganda. Others highlight problems with autonomy and bureaucratic organizations taking initiatives by themselves to spread normative information.

Abstract:The aim of this study has been to investigate (theoretically as well as empirically) the problematic notions of state neutrality and political perfectionism and, in particular, the potentially vast continuum existing between these concepts both in theory and in actual political practice. In order to accomplish this, a conceptual analysis has examined (some of) the arguments for and against state neutrality and political perfectionism, different aspects of neutralism and perfectionism as well as the exact definition of the concepts of ?neutrality of justification? and ?conceptions of the good?. Using a specific (though not entirely uncontested) definition of these concepts, an empirical analysis was made of Swedish parliamentary parties and their cultural policies. The empirical part of the study seemed to confirm one of the basic premises of this study; that state neutrality and perfectionism are often (as has indeed been recognized by critics of state neutrality) intertwined in the business of everyday politics..

E-handelskunder vill ha möjlighet att handla snabbt och direkt oavsett tidpunkt eller plats. Därför är integration mellan e-handel och affärssystem viktigt för en lyckad e-handelslösning. Detta känner de flesta företag till och idag är inte tekniken något större problem. Att företag trots detta inte integrerar systemen beror på verksamhetsbaserade orsaker. De stora kostnader som integrationen i initialskedet medför anges också som ett skäl till att systemen inte integreras, kunskap saknas om de långsiktiga vinster som integrationen ger.

This thesis examines political consumerism as a political tool for change. Consumers' attitudes and behaviour towards political consumerism is of special interest. The method used is a questionnaire with 59 participating students. Their answers are analysed both quantitatively and, to a lesser degree, qualitatively. The theoretical framework consists of Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action and previously published research of essence.The consumers in this study generally rank corporate social responsibility (CSR) as important.

Idrottens förmåga att bidra med positiva effekter för integration är omdiskuterad.Det finns både de som har stora förhoppningar på idrotten som enintegrationsfrämjare och de som är mer skeptiska när det kommer till idrottens roll iintegrationsprocessen. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka idrottenspotential att integrera invandrare i samhället samt att undersöka vilka hinder somfinns för att idrott ska fungera integrationsfrämjande. Studien bygger på en analys av12 vetenskapliga artiklar som alla behandlar relationen mellan idrott och integration.Resultatet av denna litteraturstudie visar att idrott kan bidra med positiva effekter förintegration, bland annat genom att erbjuda en mötesplats där relationer kan byggasöver kulturella gränser. Resultaten visar dock även att idrottsrörelsen inte är fri frånde spänningar som finns i samhället i stort och det är därför orimligt att tro att idrottenpå egen hand ska kunna bidra till att människor känner sig integrerade i samhället..

Sverige blir alltmer mångkulturellt. I dagens samhälle finns det många individer och grupper av olika härkomst. Detta har lett till många diskussioner kring integration samt konflikter mellan olika folkgrupper. Vad kan dessa konflikter mellan de olika folkgrupperna innebära för individernas identitetsskapande? Och hur kan vissa av dessa individers identitet och livsvillkor formas under en integrationsprocess?Denna antologi kommer att behandla identitet ur ett etnicitetsperspektiv.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en bild av och förståelseför hur ideella föreningar kan bidra till integration. Detta har skett genom enfallstudie av två olika organisationer och deras verksamhet. Metoden somanvänts är kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal från dessaorganisationer kompletterat med deltagande observation. Analysen har gjortsutifrån Jose Alberto Diaz integrationsteori. Resultaten visar att de ideellaorganisationerna bidrar till integration på flera sätt, främst genomspråkundervisning som fyller en särskild funktion då den till stor del riktasmot grupper som inte kan ta del av kommunens undervisning via SFI.

This thesis is based on thirteen qualitative interviews with civil servants and politicians. The purpose of the study is to research these informants? attitudes towards integration and their reflections about immigrants? lower chances in an ethnically segregated housing and labour market. The theoretical frame of references is based on social constructionism and focuses on including and excluding power structures. The empirical material provides both structural and cultural explanations to immigrants? problems as regards inclusion in Swedish society.

The purpose of this paper is to examine witch factors lays behind political decisions when reforming upper secondary school. Three major factors are used: political, economical and structural. These factors become visible by comparing the school reforms 1965 and the coming one in 2009. An analytical scheme is used to find the factors in the primary information. The study is based both political inquiries and on debate articles from newspapers and political papers.The results show that two factors are more visible than the third, and that is the ideological and structural.

During the last few years the countries in the African continent have experienced an enormous increase in female politicians on a national level. Rwanda is even the country with the highest number of female politicians in its parliament in the world. Despite this development in Africa, the quantitative research on women's political representation in the world has not yet paid attention to the situation there. Some of the surveys that have been done have even excluded countries that do not fit the homogeneous pattern ? which is precisely the problem with African countries ? for it to be possible to explain the situation with existing theories.The intention of this paper is therefore to, with all of the 53 African countries included in the study, examine whether the already existing explanatory factors regarding women's political representation also can be applied to an African context to explain the situation there.

Integration is a concept that is very topical in today's multicultural-cultural society. Integration means that everyone should have the same rights, opportunities and obligations to society, regardless of extraction. What counteract integration is segregation, which implies a distinction between different groups and where there exist an inequality between them. Segregation is widespread in Sweden today and the exclusion that it creates needs to be broken. The aim of this paper is to examine if it is possible to promote integra-tion through physical planning.

This essay is a discourse analysis of the integration politics of the different parties in the Swedish parliament and the non-parliamentary party ?the Swedish Democrats?, as it is presented on their respective web pages. The overall purpose is to problematize and shed a light on how the current discourse(s) about integration are constituted. Also of interest is how these construct our knowledge and experience of the phenomena. We furthermore want to illustrate the social consequences of such discourses on the construction and organization of identities and groups, and, as a result, the courses of action that becomes available.

The concept of sustainable development is a challenge that demands cooperation from all levels of society for it to be successful. The focus for this thesis is how politicians within the local councils understand the concept of sustainable development and how they implement it in political decision-making.The basis for the study is a questionnaire that was distributed to 303 local politicians in three municipalities of varying size in Southern Sweden. The study concentrates on departments within the local councils that are directly connected to the Swedish environmental law and the Swedish planning and construction law. One of the primary goals with the aforementioned laws is the achievement of sustainable development within one generation.The outcome of the study was that over half of the local politicians could correctly define sustainable development according to the World Commission on Environment and Development?s (WCED) definition.

People are given better opportunities to participate in polity today. Democratic equality entails that all individuals are equal and therefore they should be included in the process of making the decisions. How can participation be defined and does it mean that having the possibility to participate means that people can influence the process of making the decisions in polity process?This paper focuses on participation and influence in polity and examine the relationship between having the possibility to participate and having the possibility to actually influence polity process on more local level. Therefore I have been examining the citizens? participation and influence in Helsingborg which is my case study.

Syfte - Syftet med studien är att presentera exempel på vad integration kan innebära för människor som har olika perspektiv (stadsdelsförvaltare, projektledare och målgruppen) på integrationsåtgärder i betydelsen att det antingen arbetar med integrationsåtgärder eller utgör målgrupp för åtgärderna. Målet med uppsatsen är att belysa problemet kring begreppet integration i utvalda stadsdelar (Rosengård, Fosie och Södra Innerstaden) med utgångspunkt i arbete och utbildning. Metod - I vår C-uppsats har vi valt en forskningsstrategi med kvalitativ och induktiv inriktning bestående av fallstudier som forskningsdesign. Med kvalitativ och induktiv inriktning menar vi att vi har lagt stor fokus på ord vid insamling av data och analys, samt att vi har genererat teorier utifrån vårt forskningsresultat. Våra data har gått ut på både öppna och semistrukturerade intervjuer baserad på en intervjuguide. Resultat - Studiens resultat visar att integration tolkas olika beroende på var man befinner sig i och vilken position man har i samhället. I vår undersökning bland våra respondenter som jobbade som stadsförvaltare respektive projektledare, tolkades begreppet integration på ett likvärdigt sätt.