It generally takes 10 to 12 years for a new drug to hit the market. The pharmaceutical industry invests huge sums in these early stages of research and development. In spite of the rapidly rising research and development expenditures fewer and fewer blockbuster drugs are being developed. Longer lead times and aggressive generic post-patent competition have narrowed the timeframe for the pharmaceutical companies to profit on their investments.In the face of these threats the pharmaceutical industry has developed a battery of strategies to prolong market exclusivity and to maximize return on investment. These emerging strategies are commonly known as Life cycle management (LCM), which actually is more of a concept than a method.

Bakgrund Kommunikation ?r central inom v?rden och ?r avg?rande f?r att skapa f?rst?else, f?rtroende och delaktighet mellan sjuksk?terska och patient. Migration och ?kad m?ngfald har lett till att patienter har olika spr?kliga och kulturella bakgrunder, vilket kan skapa spr?kbarri?rer och kommunikationsutmaningar. Dessa hinder p?verkar sjuksk?terskors m?jligheter att ge personcentrerad v?rd och kan leda till frustration, missf?rst?nd och begr?nsad delaktighet f?r patienten.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att ta reda på hur sjuksköterskan kunde stödja barn vid smärta, vilka copingstrategier barn använde sig av när de upplevde smärta och hur sjuksköterskan genom samverkan med föräldrarna kunde stödja barnet vid smärta. Metoden som användes för att göra denna studie var deskriptiv systematisk litteraturstudie. Litteratur har sökts i databaserna Elin@Dalarna och Blackwell Synergi. Sökorden som användes var children, pain, coping, care, parent, pain management, nursing, pediatric, dental care, qualitative och quality of life. Materialet i litteraturstudien har begränsats till 22 artiklar som har granskats efter mallar.

SAMMANFATTNINGSyfte: Att beskriva förekomst av posttraumatisk stress och behov av känslomässigt stöd bland föräldrar till barn med hjärntumör vid två månader efter barnets diagnos (T2) respektive 12 månader efter avslutad cytostatika-/strålbehandling eller 18 månader efter operation av barn som inte fått cytostatika-/strålbehandling (T6). Syftet var också att jämföra behovet av känslomässigt stöd bland föräldrar med möjlig PTSD och hos de föräldrar som inte visar symtom på möjlig PTSD vid T2 respektive T6. Urval: 42 föräldrar till barn med hjärntumör deltog i studien: 20 mödrar och 22 fäder. Metod: Designen var deskriptiv longitudinell. Nivåer av PTSS och förekomst av möjlig PTSD mättes med PTSD Checklist Civilian, föräldrars behov av känslomässigt stöd mättes med ett studiespecifikt formulär.

First during early 1960s fathers got access to the labor room in Sweden. Theirparticipation are a relative new trend and it`s not thoroughly described in theliterature. Midwives? responsibility is to give a good and medical safe care, and tocreate a positive childbirth experience for the woman and her partner. No previousstudies have paid attention to midwives' experiences of fathers' presence duringchildbirth.

The aim of this study is to understand first line managers experiences of the impact leadership have on the health of employees. The study focuses on leadership behaviours and actions, experienced by first line managers working in elderly care, with either positive or negative outcomes on the employees health. To answer the purpose of the study a qualitative method was used and the data was collected through seven individual interviews. The analyse was conducted using theories of transformational, transactional and laissez-faire leadership. To enable a broader dimension to the study the concept of health-promotion leadership was also used in the analysis.

Fokus i denna studie ligger på det lönesättande samtalet och vilka emotioner som uppstår inför, under och efter samtalet samt hur de hanteras kognitivt. I studien undersöks även hur respondenterna upplever den generella arbetssituationen för att jämföra deras upplevelser av det dagliga arbetet med deras upplevelser av det lönesättande samtalet. Detta är en induktiv undersökande studie med halvstrukturerade intervjuer som skett med sex kvinnliga respondenter som alla arbetar på en myndighet. Som forskningsansats används fenomenologin eftersom det är respondenternas upplevelser som är av intresse. Svaren har bearbetats med tematisk analys.

Abstract på svenska: Bakgrund: Vid en förlossning upplever kvinnan oftast svår eller extrem smärta. På senare år har efterfrågan på alternativ till traditionella smärtlindringsmetoder ökat och akupunktur har visat sig kunna ge både smärtlindring och avslappning. Syfte: Att belysa erfarenheter och upplevelser av akupunktur vid förlossningssmärta. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes genom granskning och analys av åtta vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: Erfarenheter av smärtlindring, erfarenheter av avslappning, minskat behov av traditionell smärtlindring och akupunkturens inverkan vid förlossningens samtliga skeden.

The main purpose of this thesis was to take part of girl?s descriptions and experiences of their treatment for deliberate self-harm and to investigate whether they still experience effects of the treatment today. Our main research questions where; how do the girls describe their experiences of the treatment method, do the girls describe that they still experience any effects of the treatment, and finally how do the girls look back on their treatment today? In order to answer these questions, we carried out eight qualitative telephone interviews with girls that had undergone treatment in a specific treatment centre. We chose to analyze the material from the salutogenic theory and the concepts of SOC (sense of coherence) and with a hermeneutic approach.

This essay is intended for veterinary nurses and its purpose is to contribute to an increased knowledge about the ferret and there by a better nursing care at clinics. The essay discuss in briefness origin and earlier use of the ferret but also anatomy, physiology and reproduction. The senses of the ferret, as vision and hearing, are described in connection with behaviour. The part of the essay where nursing care is described bring up procedures as handling when collecting blood, medical techniques and how the clinic best should be suited for these animals. The main part of the essay is based on literature studies but it also contains a study visit at Blå Stjärnans animal hospital in Göteborg. 23.

According to several studies immigrants today in general face more difficulties to enter the labor market than before. This also applies to educated immigrants who are the main focus of this thesis.Studies have shown that educated migrants have more difficulties of obtaining an adequate job than ethnic Swedes. Thousands of educated immigrants are forced to work in low skilled occupations to cope with their everyday lives. The reasons behind their lack of success on the Swedish labor market have been blamed on different kinds of obstacles.     This study wants to examine at least some of the obstacles that educated immigrants face on the labor market through some informants own personal reflections and experiences. The study is based on an inside perspective in which the different personal experiences and reflections of the various informants is of great importance.  The study is focused on how five educated immigrants describe their situation on the Swedish labor market. The aim is to investigate the informants 'understanding of the difficulties they have to get a job that matches their skills. It also aims to discuss the structural barriers that respondents relate to when they describe their situation.    The results of the interviews with the informants have been analyzed with the help of central concepts gained from the two sociologists, Erving Goffman and Pierre Bourdieu.

The purpose of this master's thesis is to examine and compare the process of starting a school library at schools which haven't had a school library before, and to examine and compare the experience of this process according to the principals and the persons responsible for the school library.I have examined two Swedish independent primary schools (age 6-15 years). I have made qualitative interviews with the principals and the persons responsible for the new school library. In all, I have made seven interviews. As requested by the new Swedish Educational Act, both schools had recently started creating school libraries. One of the schools had recruited a half-time teacher-librarian and the other had no staffing at all.In the interviews, I have examined the attitudes of the informants towards school libraries, if this attitude has changed during the process of starting the school library, the informants' experiences during this process and the informants' views on the school library as an agent for student achievement.

The theoretical background in this essay made clear that the students? knowledge about physics improve, and they express a more positive attitude towards physics as a subject, when they have access to a more laboratory-based learning style. The aim of this study is to research how the placement of the lab relative to the lecture affects the students? experiences and level of knowledge. The study involved students in year eight and was carried out during four weeks.

GPS is perhaps the future in agriculture. The next years will show it but the precision becomes only better and better and the number of users becomes only more and more. This work shows experiences from today's users and how the profitability can be improved on a farm with normal plant cultivation. The aim is to show how big the actual advantage can be to have a GPS and how good precision there is with the equipment. John Deere and Trimble are the big producers of GPS equipment to the agriculture.

Bakgrund: Ett barns sjukhusvistelse innebär mycket oro och stress för hela familjen. Forskning visar att långt ifrån all personal på intensivvårdsavdelningar idag ser föräldrar som en självklar del i barnets omvårdnad. Forskning tyder även på att föräldrar önskar närvara i barnets dagliga omvårdnad inkluderat akuta situationer såsom vid återupplivning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av föräldrars närvaro vid återupplivning inom allmän och neonatal intensivvård. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats genomfördes.