According to the European Union waste hierarchy, waste should first of all be minimized. Reuse and material and energy recycling come next. Lastly the waste should be thrown at the refuse tip. In the inner city of Stockholm waste handling can be done in various types of ways. The solutions vary as a result of the type of architecture of the building and its condition.

Inledning: Det är inte många områden som berör så många människor som livsmedel och livsmedelskonsumtion. Vi alla konsumerar olika livsmedel på ett eller annat sätt även om det är med mycket skiftande perspektiv. Det man konsumerar är heller inte statistiskt, utan förändras vid olika situationer som livet ger. Konsumtionen uppfyller olika behov hos olika individer och mycket påverkar ens val. Vägen från bonden till konsument blir allt längre som gör att konsumenter vill ha mer information om slutprodukterna för att kunna värdera produkten med sina referensramar.Bakgrund: Livsmedel som produceras och säljs i affären ska betraktas som att de är självklara att konsumera säkert.

Syftet med den här studien är att empiriskt undersöka hur ett relaterat diversifierat företag kan ta tillvara de möjligheter till synergieffekter, som flera olika produktgrupper ger. Vi har undersökt detta genom en kvalitativ fallstudie på Procordia Food. Där undersökte vi tillvaratagandet av synergier som genereras av osynliga resurser - kunskapsöverföring. Utifrån en analys av Procordia Foods organisation, i förhållande till den referensram vi har valt att använda oss av, formulerade vi följande hypoteser: Hypotes 1 - Den begränsade medvetenheten om synergiers innebörd hos relaterat diversifierade företag förhindrar att en potential för effektivisering utnyttjas. Hypotes 2 - Relaterat diversifierade företag går miste om potentiella fördelar då de inte utformar organisationsstrukturen efter synergigenererande faktorer.

The aim of this study is to examine the market reaction when information about a company?s foreign direct investment is announced and how that affects the shareholder?s value. Also of interest is whether the market reacts differently depending on which country the investment is established in and which mode of entry is used. This will be achieved by using an event study approach. The selection that was used consisted of 206 companies registered on the Nasdaq OMX Nordic homepage, which had during a time period stretching from 1999 to 2009 established a foreign direct investment in the regions BRIC, Europe or the USA using the mode of organic growth, joint venture or acquisition.

Sammansättningen och kvalitén på mjölken som produceras är betalningsgrundande och därmed är det viktigt ur en ekonomisk synvinkel att producera mjölk som håller en hög standard. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka om samband finns mellan typ av digivning respektive avvänjning och mjölkens sammansättning. Fokus ligger på mjölkfettet samt fettsyrorna. De produktionssystem som tas upp är begränsad digivning och artificiell uppfödning. Begränsad digivning innebär att avkomman får gå med moderdjuret vissa timmar av dygnet fram till en senare avvänjning jämfört med artificiell uppfödning där avkomman skiljs från moderdjuret strax efter förlossningen.

This paper sets out to investigate how companies can create advertisement that focus not only on selling but also on entertainment. The research is based on seven TV-commercials produced by the Swedish food chain ICA. The commercials were analyzed according to the methods of discourse analysis, semiotic analysis and rhetorical analysis. Furthermore, the research compares the analysis made with the thoughts and ideas of Tobias Karlsson, Head of marketing and communications development at ICA to find out how the comprehension of the commercials correlate with the original intentions made by the company.The study shows that ICA creates a commercial that contains the perfect mix of rhetorical approaches, communication strategies and entertainment mixed with gravity. The study also shows that ICA fails with its primary goal which is to sell selected products; however, by producing the entertaining commercials, they manage to strengthen their brand.

Sveriges nötköttsproduktion har stadigt gått ner de senaste åren. Stora livs-medelsföretag såsom McDonalds har svårt att säkerställa sin leverans utav svenskt nötkött. Studien fokuserar på Österrike, om hur de arbetar för att säkerställa förekomsten av inhemskt nötkött som är av hög kvalitet och hur de säkerställer lönsamhet samt tillväxt i hela värdekedjan. Österrike är ett land som idag har en självförsörjningsgrad på 142 procent, jämfört med Sverige som ligger på 52 procent i självförsörjningsgrad. Uppsatsen är en teoretisk undersökning av hållbara leverantörskedjor, där fokus ligger på maktförhållanden inom leverantörskedjan. McDonalds Sve-rige och Sveriges nötköttsproducenter (SNP) är de som står bakom efterfrå-gan om den övergripande studien, som kommer att göra en jämförelse mel-lan länder i Europa (Irland, Storbritannien och Österrike). I Österrike har det tagits fram merbetalningsprogram för att lantbrukaren ska få bättre betalt.

Microwave is a time- efficient device for heating and reheating of foods. Despite the fact that its effects on foods have been evaluated during a long period of time, without any more negative effects shown compared to conventional cooking, one third of the Swedish population believes (in 2010) it accounts for a higher loss of nutrition. This literature review aim to compile studies regarding how food is affected by cooking in microwave, with respect to cooking losses, nutrition, secondary metabolites as well as sensory and textural aspects and compare it with conventional cooking. The compilation shows that different combination of effect (W), time and amount of water during microwave cooking have different effects on foods. The contents of proteins, vitamin B and carbohydrates are generally higher after microwave cooking, while anti-nutritional substances are affected much less during conventional cooking. This also depends on if it is of animal or non-animal origin. However, for the majority of nutrition values the differences are quite small.

Microwave is a time- efficient device for heating and reheating of foods. Despite the fact that its effects on foods have been evaluated during a long period of time, without any more negative effects shown compared to conventional cooking, one third of the Swedish population believes (in 2010) it accounts for a higher loss of nutrition. This literature review aim to compile studies regarding how food is affected by cooking in microwave, with respect to cooking losses, nutrition, secondary metabolites as well as sensory and textural aspects and compare it with conventional cooking. The compilation shows that different combination of effect (W), time and amount of water during microwave cooking have different effects on foods. The contents of proteins, vitamin B and carbohydrates are generally higher after microwave cooking, while anti-nutritional substances are affected much less during conventional cooking. This also depends on if it is of animal or non-animal origin. However, for the majority of nutrition values the differences are quite small.

AbstractOne opinion among people who are experienced in hand rearing newborn mammals is that goat milk is more suitable than cow milk if the young needs a milk replacer. The purpose of this literature review was to find out if there is scientific evidence that goat milk is a better milk replacer for piglets, rat pups and foals than cow milk. The milk is essential for the newborn animal, as its only source of nutrition until it has learned how to eat solid food. In this literature review, the composition of goat milk and cow milk is compared with the nutrient requirements after birth in piglets, rat pups and foals. The nutrient requirements and the milk composition are partly determined by the newborn mammals activity level and suckling frequency, which also is described.

The aim of our study is to ascertain whether a hanging suspension fluorescentlamp for a private home environment is going to be attractive for a largeaudience. We want to open up for new uses of fluorescent lamps as lightsources.The main approach in this work is how to design a fixture with fluorescentlamps as a light source that will meet the requirements and requests of thehome environment could look like. At the same time we want to make a newimpression of how a fluorescent light source.Primarily we used a quantitative method, but this was rejected after a pilotstudy. Instead we used a qualitatively based method in the sense that weconducted a group interview as well as individual interviews.Based on data from the interviews and our preliminary work a prototype wasbuilt. This prototype is a fluorescent fixture equipped with 2x14W T5fluorescent lamps, dimmed separately.

Discharge of inadequately treated waste water containing nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen as well as organic matter and bacteria is associated with a risk of eutrophication and contamination. The Swedish government has decided upon several Environmental Quality Objectives aiming to reduce the emissions of nutrients to water bodies.In Sweden, there are between 675 000 to 1 000 000 on-site sewage systems. Recent studies have shown that the function of small sewage treatment plants is in many cases insufficient. To prevent this regular service and supervision by a professional is needed. The focus of this study are small sewage treatment plants which use a technique where mechanical, chemical and/or biological reduction of pollutants is being used in the same facility to reduce nutrients in household wastewater.The aim of the study is to investigate how different municipalities ensure that small sewage treatment plants fulfill the requirements and reduce pollutants as efficient as the manufacturers claim.

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) combined with biological phosphorous treatment (Bio-P) has been investigated if that could be an alternative to the future expansion with conventional active sludge treatment at Lundåkra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the proximity of Landskrona, Sweden.The results showed that the surface demand in the biological treatment will be reduced with 67% with the MBR-alternative compared to a conventional activated sludge process. The nutrient removal in the MBR-solution was decreased or unchanged for nitrogen-, phosphorous- and organic parameters. However, the energy demand will increase with an estimated cost of approximately 1 million SEK annually. Moreover, the extra chemical consumption is estimated to cost 370 000 SEK annually.The disturbances caused by filamentous bacteria such as sludge dispersal could be resolved with MBR-technology because the membranes are not affected by these organisms. The Bio-P process combined with MBR-technology works if the wastewater recirculates from the membranes to an aerobic zone.In the proposal, there will be a new pre-treatment step, for instance hole screens.

Authorities, municipalities and county councils have great opportunities to pave the way to a sustainable society. In the public sector, the tax revenue is used and therefore it is important that both employees and societal stakeholders feel that they participate in the sector?s decisions and fields of application. Municipalities and county councils are primarily service organisations. The employees? commitment is necessary to be able to reach set goals, to develop procedures and policies that support the overall political goals, in other words, to be successful in the environmental work.

Det finns många olika typer av bromerade flamskyddsmedel. De är alla stabila i miljön men graden av toxicitet och bioackumulering varierar. Att bromerade flamskyddsmedel är endokrinstörande är känt men min hypotes är att de även är neurotoxiska och att de kan orsaka neurologiska störningar hos människa. Människor exponeras för bromerade flamskyddsmedel via damm och föda. Barn och foster som är känsligare än vuxna kan även exponeras via modersmjölk respektive placenta. Barn har högre serumkoncentrationer av bromerade flamskyddsmedel än vuxna.