This thesis was carried out to give some background information to a report of SLU (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) for the Swedish National Rail Administration (Banverket). The requested information was to provide basic data for an environmental impact assessment of the construction of the tunnel through Hallandsås. The aim with the thesis work was to discuss and quantify the leaching of nitrate and the emission of nitrous oxide from the soil at the groundwater level established through the tunnel project. The nitrogen related processes that could be affected were described and discussed. The different areas where a decreased groundwater level can cause changes in the nitrogen processes are the wet and moist areas.

Scandinavian Biogas is involved in the planning of a combined ethanol and biogas factory in Karlskoga, Sweden. Besides biogas and ethanol large amounts of digester residues will be produced, about 450 000 liquid tonnes residue (~7,3 % Dry Substance( DS)). The objective of this thesis was to investigate possible uses of the residue from the biogas production process ScandgasEthanol developed by Scandinavian Biogas, and to derive a methodological approach how to evaluate and compare handling systems. Three systems where proposed and compared in this thesis; spreading of the untreated residue as fertilizer (system 1), dewatering to a higher DS content to reduce transportation before spreading as fertilizer (system 2) and production of a solid fuel by dewatering and drying the residue (system 3). The general conditions for the proposed systems were investigated in terms of practical viability, economical aspects, environmental impact and energy inputs/outputs.

Decomposition of organic matter is a critical process in the ecosystem, which involves many essential biotic and physical parts. Decomposition is therefore an important process both above and below ground. The rate of decomposition is dependent of many environmental factors for example: pH, moisture and supply of oxygen. The decomposition can therefore be affected by large scaled environmental influences, such as acidification and climatic changes. The root litter in the forest is in different ways affected by acidification, liming and manuering.

This Bachelor paper deals with skeletal diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. 24 medieval individuals from the block Banken 1 in Visby, Gotland were chosen for an osteological analysis. Osteoporosis affects the bone with low bone mineral density and can lead to possible fractures and Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease. A DEXA reading was done at Dr. Roland Alvarssons Doctorial practice in Visby and the results from the DEXA reading showed that none of the individuals suffered from osteoporosis, but one suffered from osteopenia.

Föreliggande arbete har syftat till att dels undersöka glimmers förmåga att absorbera och kvarhålla fukt genom kapillära krafter i jämförelse med finfraktion utan glimmer, och dels att studera glimmers kohesiva egenskaper. Även en litteraturstudie har genomförts med inriktning att belysa den påverkan som glimmer har på bergmaterialegenskaperna och vilka problem det medför i byggkonstruktioner. Fyra olika provmaterial av fraktioner mellan <0,063-2,0 mm med varierande glimmerhalt har studerats med avseende på kohesion, absorptionsegenskaper samt förmåga att kvarhålla fukt. den specifika vattenabsorptionen (mg vatten/1 g prov) har beräknats och volymförändringar vid vattenmättning har registrerats. undersökningens resultat indikerar stark att andelen fri glimmer i finfraktion har stort inflytande vad gäller magasinering av fukt.

Many product launches are postponed today, however very little research regarding to customer responses to such events has been carried out. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how people react to a postponed product launch. An experimental study of responses to a postponed launch of a mobile phone, a mineral water and a music album is used to investigate customer reactions. The respondents exposed to the postponed launch showed a higher value of reactance. This reactance affects the attitude, purchase intention and perceived quality of the product in a negative way.

The purpose of this study is to further develop the understanding of Nextopia, the belief that the next product will always be better, and the effects it has on Word of mouth, both oral (WOM) and electronic (eWOM), and investigate possible causes of this effect. This has been made through an experimental study of responses to two mineral water ads, with a manipulated time frame. First, this thesis supports the fact that there is a general Nextopia-effect on customers being exposed to a future product, which makes them evaluating the product higher in terms of feelings, attitude and intention. Further this study shows that there is also a Nextopia-effect on WOM and eWOM, by customers being more likely to recommend a future product rather than a current one. This propensity to recommend the product also has a relationship with responsibility, which correlates much stronger with WOM than eWOM.

I detta arbete undersöks huruvida olika artsammansättningar i grön marktäckning påverkar odlingsresultatet vad gäller avkastning, kväve (N)-förlust och ogräsförekomst. Främst vit-klöver (Trifolium repens) men även rödklöver (Trifolium pratense L.) har sådana egenska-per att det bryts ned snabbare samt innehåller mer N än timotej (Phleum pratense). År 2001 genomfördes ett fältförsök med grön marktäckning i ekologisk odling av vitkål (Brassica oleracea var. alba). Tre olika artblandningar användes, de bestod av: 60% röd-klöver + 40% timotej (1), 32% vitklöver + 28% rödklöver + 40% timotej (2), samt 75% timotej + 10% rödklöver + 15% övrigt (3). N-innehållet var 193, 218 respektive 134 kg/ ha.

AbstractPolymetallic (Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Au-Sb-As-Bi-Cd-Te-Se-Ge?) quartz veins occur in an area from Eidsvoll in southeastern Norway to west of LakeVänern in southwestern Sweden. They most likely formed during the waning stage of the c. 1 Ga Sveconorwegian orogeny. In Värmskog parish, Värmland county, several mineralized quartz veins of different types are known.

This paper briefly summarizes Bergslagen as a bedrock province in order to give background to the genesis and presence of REE-bearing minerals (short for Rare Earth Elements) in the region. These mineralizations mainly occur along the REE-line, a line aproximately a hundred kilometers in length between Norberg in the north and Nora in the south with a width of a few kilometers. Situated in the southwest of Bergslagen it is currently one of only a few places in Sweden where REE-bearing iron oxide mineralizations are potentially economically viable for mining. Ore microscopy has been conducted in order to characterize an ore sample from Myrbacksfältet, one of few sulphide rich iron oxide mineralizations within the REE-line. Additionally, an electron microscope analysis of a sample from Stålklockan, a suspected REE-bearing mineralization also within the REE-line was confirmed by EDS (short for Energy Dispersive Spectrum) analysis.

Arbetet med denna studie gick ut på att inventera vilka metoder som använts i Dannemora gruva av Dannemora Mineral AB (DMAB) gällande skuthanteringen under jord och ovan jord samt belysa och ge förslag på hur skuthanteringen skulle kunna effektiviseras och eventuellt generera en ökad mängd färdiga produkter och tillika högre intäkter för företaget.Med en mer effektiv skuthantering med fokus på separering av gråberg och malm, både under och ovan jord, hade DMAB erhållit mer färdiga produkter och därmed högre intäkter. Uppsatsens resultat motiverar att en förstudie inleds i företaget. Tillkomsten av nya arbetsmoment innebär naturligtvis en kostnad men den torde vara liten och högst försvarlig i sammanhanget men måste utredas i den rekommenderade förstudien. Det handlar också om andra besparingsaspekter som exempelvis minskade transport- och hanteringskostnader och i förlängningen även miljöbesparing, vilka dock ej är medtagna i den här studien..

Plant nutrients are important for all life on earth and are also important as fertiliser infood production all over the world. Because of this, plant nutrients are of great valuebut they also bring problems. As an example, the loss of nitrogen and phosphorusfrom agriculture and urban society's sewage systems contributes to some of today?smajor problems in water environment. Another problem associated with plantnutrients is that finite recourses are used in the production of mineral fertilizers.

Inom (traditionell) radio finns tre olika typer av informationsbärare/kanaler nämligen tal, ljud och musik. Syftet med vårt arbete är att ta reda på vilken typ av information som bäst lämpar sig för kanalen tal respektive ljud. Detta har vi gjort genom att mäta informationsförlusten under ett lyssningstest där vi använt oss av kanalerna tal och ljud. Vi har även då vägt in faktorn av störljud/brus (auditiv information som konkurrerar med meddelandet, exempelvis ljud som uppstår vid bilkörning) och mätt vilket medie som har störst brustolerans. Resultatet visade att det fanns skillnader mellan kanalerna och olika typer av information, generellt kan dock sägas att tal hade större genomslagskraft medan ljud hade större brustolerans.Det mest centrala vi upptäckte i studien är kanalernas olika värdesatser där tal är den huvudsakliga informationsbäraren och ljudet i större grad bidrar med känsla.

The Baltic Sea is threatened by eutrophication that largely is due to nutrient leaching from farmland within the catchment area. To solve this problem the surrounding countries cooperate within various configurations such as HELCOM and the EU-financed project Baltic Compass. Poor manure management in Russia has been discussed frequently the last couple of years. A literature review of different types of reports and legal acts is the core of this degree project which has been performed in connection to two ongoing research projects financed by EU (Baltic Compass) and SIDA. It is supplemented with interviews with Swedish agricultural consultants and travel reports from two occasions when I had the opportunity to discuss with Russians active within the agricultural sector. Different hypotheses were investigated and discussed. The environmental debate in Russia is quiet and there is a widespread approach that economic profit always trumps environmental concern ? a Soviet heritage that influence the Russian agriculture considerably. The Russian legal acts on stable manure management focus mainly on sanitary questions and only secondary on nutrient leaching.

Sveriges gruvnäring har en lång historia som sträcker sig ända till medeltiden. Lika länge har det funnits behov av en reglering för utnyttjandet av dessa naturtillgångar. Regleringens syfte har varit mångfacetterat. Det har bl.a. gällt att inpassa utnyttjandet i en marknadsekonomi samt stimulera upptäckt och utnyttjande av mineraler.