Astma är en vanligt förekomman sjukdom som drabbar luftvägarna. Den är av kronisk-form och drabbar människor i alla åldrar. Karies är en multifaktoriel sjukdom som omfattar skador på tandens emalj för att spridas mot pulparummet. .

Introduktion: Karies är en kronisk och multifaktoriell sjukdom som uppstår av samspel mellan bakterier, föda och tandytan. I Sverige har kariesförekomsten tydligt minskat, men det är fortfarande vanlig sjukdom hos individer med utländsk bakgrund. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka kost-, munhygien- och tandvårdsvanor hos en grupp med utländsk bakgrund.         Frågeställningar: Hur ser kostvanor ut för individer med utländsk bakgrund?   Hur ser munhygiensvanor ut för individer med utländsk bakgrund? Vilka tandvårdsvanor har individer med utländsk bakgrund?    Metod: Enkätundersökning genomfördes i två svenska mindre städer och studien inkluderade totalt 44 deltagare från Svenska för invandrare (SFI) i nivå C & D.    Resultat: Alla deltagarna besvarade att de rengör tänderna minst en gång per dag.

Transdermal drug delivery, besides painfulinjections with syringes, has long been associatedwith small size particle pharmaceuticals, which candiffuse through the skin. This method of drugadministration has only been applicable on a smallnumber of drugs, where active molecules are smalland delivery time should or can be long.Other drug delivery options are oral administrationand injection with hypodermic needles (ordinaryhospital syringes). In oral administration thestomach and liver tend to dissolve the drug and theeffect becomes more difficult to anticipate, anddrug delivery rates difficult to control. Hypodermicneedles are used as a mean of drug injectiondirectly into the bloodstream. This method ispainful and risks infection due to tissue damageand skin penetration.One way to get a painless non-damaging techniquewith high delivery rate that still can delivery largemolecules is to manufacture an array of microscopichollow needles and equip them with a pumping unitthat delivers the correct amount of drugs.This thesis shows the technique and possibility ofmanufacture micromachined needles using low costtechniques of Ion Track Technology (radiation ofheavy ions creates porous materials), electrolessdeposition (non-current activated wet chemistrymethod of depositing metal) and electroplating.

Changes in swallowing function are common in elderly and chronically ill individuals. Therefore it is important to be aware of these changes and their prevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of dysphagia in nursing homes in the municipality of Linköping, and to correlate dysphagia with variables that can be a cause or a consequence of dysphagia. These variables were gender, age, MMT-result, dentition, weight loss, medical diagnose or number of medications. The intention was also to examine the additional information regarding dysphagia supplied by pulse oximetry.Sixty nursing home residents aged 74-101 years were chosen to participate in the study.

The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers and pupils experience the use of fictional literature as a tool for language development in the teaching of English as a foreign language. Through surveys and interviews and with Vygotsky?s theory on development in a social environment as a theoretical base, I examine which methods are used to promote language development and also which functions pupils and teachers consider fictional literature to have in the teaching of English. Results show that teachers consider fiction to be among the top methods to get pupils to learn English. Teachers and pupils both favour the use of fun and stimulating reading activities as well as group activities where learning is social to go along with the reading of fiction.

The purpose of this study is to investigate if the class teachers believe that their education has given them enough knowledge about dyslexia in order to succeed a successful education for these pupils. It will present what four class teachers and two special education teachers has answered what they know about dyslexia. The study aims to find out if class teachers believe that they have enough knowledge to determine whether a pupil has dyslexia. If they have knowledge of appropriate methods and if they know how to prevent that pupils fall behind in their literacy and also what factors they believes makes it problematic to implement a literacy for these pupils. I propose the following questions:Do the class teachers consider that their education has given them sufficient knowledge of dyslexia and its characteristics?What methods does the class teachers and special education teachers considers as useful for pupils with dyslexia?What does the class teachers consider can prevent that pupils with dyslexia fall behind in their reading and writing skills?What factors consider class teachers and special education teachers is problematic to to succeed a reading and writing education for pupils with dyslexia?This study is based on a qualitative method and my theoretical approach is based on Høien and Lundberg established view of what dyslexia is.

I denna uppsats undersöks hur begreppet ?vi och dem? manifesteras i tre romaner med utgångspunkt i en samhällskontext. I studien används Franco Morettis (Elektronisk källa: 8.10.2012) analysmetod, ?distant reading?, vilket innebär att man bortser från detaljer och istället fokuserar på helheten. Syftet har således varit att belysa begreppet ?vi och dem? i romanerna Om jag kunde drömma (Meyer, 2005), Hungerspelen (Collins, 2008) samt Ett öga rött (Khemiri, 2003).

This essay concerns the fantastic and its position in narration. The fantastic's defintion is based on Martin Horstkotte's defintion in The Postmodern Fantastic and the essay focuses on the noncontextual aspects such as the clash between two incompatible fictional worlds and the absence created. Instead of the ordinary identification of the established fictional world with realism and our reality it is suggested that both of the colliding fictional worlds are fictive and that the established one not necessarily need to be realistic. Exampels on how the fantastic takes place on the syntagmatic level in a narration is drawn from the short story ?Samvetets fantasi? by Clas Livijn when analysed with Peter Brooks' closurebased narratology theory in Reading for the Plot.

This essay concerns the fantastic and its position in narration. The fantastic's defintion is based on Martin Horstkotte's defintion in The Postmodern Fantastic and the essay focuses on the noncontextual aspects such as the clash between two incompatible fictional worlds and the absence created. Instead of the ordinary identification of the established fictional world with realism and our reality it is suggested that both of the colliding fictional worlds are fictive and that the established one not necessarily need to be realistic. Exampels on how the fantastic takes place on the syntagmatic level in a narration is drawn from the short story ?Samvetets fantasi? by Clas Livijn when analysed with Peter Brooks' closurebased narratology theory in Reading for the Plot.

The purpose of this thesis was to explore the phenomenon called bookcrossing. To fulfill this I have asked the following research questions: Why do people participate in bookcrossing?What functions do books have for bookcrossers? The method used is qualitative, semi structured interviews. Four active bookcrossers have been interviewed. These interviews revealed that bookcrossing as an activity in a medium sized town is very small.

Barn med Down syndrom (DS) har problem med hypotonus och hyposensitivitet som begränsar rörligheten i ansiktets och munnens muskulatur, vilket därmed försvårar tal och sväljning. Målet med en intra- och extraoralsensorisk behandling är att öka medvetenheten och kontrollen av munnens muskulatur, dess rörelser, spänning och känsel.  Syfte med föreliggande studie var att undersöka effekten av en intra- och extraoralsensorisk intensivbehandling med eltandborste hos en grupp barn med DS och hypotonus. Effekten valdes att studeras utifrån områdena orofacial funktion, läppslutning, talproduktion och oralsensorik. Nio barn i åldrarna 6 till 12 år genomgick behandlingen med fyra behandlingstillfällen i veckan under fyra veckor.

This paper conducts a qualitative examination based on interviews with four high school librarians. The purpose is to illustrate their professional role in proportion to that of the teachers from working with students? reading comprehension and from their role, if any, in the school?s educational activity. The work is based on the following questions:- How does the high school librarian describe his or her work to increase the students' reading comprehension and contribute to their reading development?- How does the high school librarian describe his or her involvement in the schools? educational activity?- How can one understand the high school librarians' relation to the teachers with reference to the librarians? jurisdiction and the formal and actual legitimacy of the school library profession?The theoretical framework constitutes of the concept of jurisdiction and of formal and actual legitimacy.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa sväljningssvårigheter hos patienter som genomgått kirurgisk behandling på grund av munhålecancer genom att undersöka vad som bidrar till sväljningssvårigheter, hur patienterna upplever sväljningen samt hur vårdpersonalen kan hjälpa dessa patienter. Studien baserades på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som söktes fram i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Resultatet indelades utifrån vilket metodologiskt tillvägagångssätt som använts i studierna, videofluoroskopi respektive frågeformulär. Förekomst och resektion av tumör i orofarynx, särskilt tungbasen, gav större sväljningsdysfunktion jämfört med orala tumörer i flera av videofluoroskopistudierna. När frågeformulär användes för att undersöka patienternas självupplevda sväljning sågs att strålbehandling var en viktig negativ faktor för sväljningen.

This study centres on learning to read and methods for teaching reading skills. The aim is to provide a survey of the concept reading skills and the methods developed on the basis of different theories and the methods preferred when teaching children in primary school and why. The study is based on interviews with eight teachers who are working on a dailybasis teaching Swedish in preschool class or lower primary school. The result of my study is that the majority of teachers do not use a specific method, but rather combine several different methods, thus adapting instruction to each individual pupil. .

Abstract Our society is becoming increasingly multicultural and so are our schools. This study raises the question of how teachers are working to promote multi-culture and how they can create an understanding of the diversity in the classroom. One way is to use the literature. Literature is already well integrated by many teachers and widely used by pupils. By making use of literature related to multi-culture, pupils can get a deeper understanding of our society.