Syfte: Syftet var att utifrån litteratur beskriva barns upplevelser av att ha en förälder med cancerdiagnos, samt att granska kvalitén på de i studien ingående artiklarna avseende urval och bortfall.Metod: Litteratur publicerad mellan 2003 och 2013 söktes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Resultatet är baserat på tretton artiklar.Resultat: Tre teman framkom.1) Hur barnens välmående påverkas: Barnen påverkades starkt av upplevelsen men uppvisade sällan kliniska symtom. Vissa barn löpte större risk att må sämre än andra. 2) Livsförändringar och rädslor som påverkar barnens upplevelser: Barnen bar på många rädslor som påverkade deras livskvalité. Livsförändringar bestod av ökat emotionellt och praktiskt ansvar i familjen.

Testikelcancer är en cancersjukdom vars etiologi är okänd. Sjukdomen utgör den vanligaste cancerformerna för män i åldrarna 20-40 år. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva mäns upplevelser av att leva med testikelcancer. Studien baserades på åtta vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserats enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Vilket resulterade i fyra kategorier: Att vara orolig på grund av bristande information: Att ha rädsla och osäkerhet som har livs betydelse: Att vara annorlunda och att sex kan vara misslyckat: Att få stöd och trygghet, ökar självförtroendet att återgå till det normala gav en inre styrka när livet hade förändrats.

There are around 855 000 on-site sewage systems in Sweden and some 1 800 of these are located in the municipality of Sigtuna. The Sigtuna local authority has set the goal that all sewage systems with insufficient function should be improved before the end of year 2010. A malfunctioning on-site sewage system may cause three main problems: spreading of diseases, discharge of eutrophicating compounds and wastage of resources. The municipality strives to reduce these problems already at the stage of granting permits for installation of on site sanitation systems. The municipality has recently adopted new guidelines, which demands certain minimum reductions for different compounds. The guidelines also state that it is preferred that neighboring house-owners cooperate in jointly built and operated sewage systems and that the system should be able to recycle plant nutrients.

Total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are two methods used for measuring organic pollutants in wastewater. Both methods are widely used but the COD method results in production of hazardous wastes, including mercury.The purpose of this study was to validate the method TOC that will replace COD and find a factor to convert TOC to COD. In this study 26 samples were analyzed from four sewage treatment plant in the municipality of Enköping.The results show that the COD method could be replaced by the TOC method.The factor for COD/TOC was between 3.1 - 3.3. Both methods will be used in parallel until 2013 when it will be forbidden to use the COD analysis..

BakgrundA?r 2011 fick 599 personer i a?ldern 20-30 a?r diagnosen cancer i Sverige. Flest insjuknade i testikelcancer, malignt melanom, bro?stcancer, hja?rntumo?rer och cancer i o?vriga nervsystemet. Unga vuxna, 20-30 a?r, beskriver att sjukdomen blir som ett avbrott i livet eftersom de missar viktiga ha?ndelser som att flytta hemifra?n och studera.

Chile and Santiago are struggling with heavy environmental problems as a consequence of urbanisation and industrialisation. In the Santiago region the air is seriously contaminated and most of the rivers are classified as heavily polluted.The aim of this thesis is to survey the industrial fluid waste situation in the Santiago region and to make suggestions on technological improvements or process changes. The purpose is also to study five different enterprises more closely and to give more detailed suggestions for improvement. Another purpose is to summarize relevant Chilean legislation.Information, provided by the supervisory authority, about the release of industrial wastewater to rivers has been analysed. Deep interviews have been made with authorities and consultants.

Automatic milking systems (AMS) provide the opportunity for less manual labour and an increased milking frequency. But in order to reach an optimal milking frequency a well-functioning cow traffic is crucial. There are many factors affecting cow traffic but one factor that has not been studied thoroughly yet is the effect of different light intensities during the night, 22.00 h to 05.00 h. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the effect of different light intensities during the night on number of selection gate passages (GP), milking frequency and milk yield. The study was conducted as a Latin square were three light intensities were applied: LOW (11 ± 3 lux), INT (33 ± 1 lux) and HIGH (74 ± 6 lux), in three different herds.

Bakgrund: De människor som personalen möter inom vården har på ett eller annat sätt drabbats av sjukdom eller skada, fysisk eller psykisk. Sjuksköterskans uppgift är att främja hälsa och lindra lidande. Det kan sjuksköterskan göra genom att använda humor som kan lätta upp patientens tillvaro i en svår livssituation. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa vad humor har för inverkan på patienten och om den kan vara till nytta i omvårdnadsarbetet. Metod: Resultatet i litteraturstudien baseras på sjutton stycken vetenskapliga artiklar som söktes i databaser som var relevanta utifrån syftet.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the view on the personal encounter between staff and visitors in public libraries in order to detect possible differences between the two groups in order to see if the personal encounter as such could be used in order to market libraries. We believe that social competence must interact with the initial personal encounter in order for the visitor to experience the visit as positive. We have based the theoretical framework on Erving Goffman?s theory on social interaction, as well as on Christian Grönroos? theory on quality of service and marketing. We use the following questions: How do library staff view the personal encounter? How do library visitors view the personal encounter? How does the library staff?s treatment affect the visitor?s view of the library?Are there any differences in view between visitors and staff concerning the personal encounter? If so, what kind of differences are they? Using qualitative interviews, we have interviewed nine visitors and six staff members at two public libraries.

Bakgrund: Idag är gynekologisk cancer en stor diagnosgrupp som inte beaktas i samma grad somresterande cancerdiagnoser i svensk cancersjukvård. Gynekologisk cancer innebär att de kvinnligakönsorganen drabbas, det vill säga livmoder, äggstockar och de yttre könsorganen. Varje år fårcirka 2900 kvinnor i Sverige en gynekologisk cancerdiagnos. Den sexuella hälsan är något som ärunikt för varje individ och något denne måste få möjlighet att själv uttrycka och medverka i för attuppnå. Sexuell hälsa kräver ett positivt och respektfullt närmande till sexualitet och sexuellarelationer, liksom möjligheter att få njutbara och säkra sexuella erfarenheter, fria från förtryck,diskriminering och våld.

Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas (GHG) that contributes to the global warming. One of the largest sources of methane is livestock, preferably ruminants which alone counted for 30% of the total agricultural anthropogenic methane emissions in the year of 2000. The reason to why ruminants are such large contributors of methane are that the gas is produced in the rumen by enteric formation and leaves the animals by belching, exhaling or by the excreta.Diets high in concentrates can result in a lower emission of methane. Also diets with a high content of starch, such as alfalfa-grass, have a methane-decreasing. It is profitable to reduce enteric methane formation since that form of methane is unavoidably lost.

Perfluorinated substances (PF) are environmental pollutants that are used to coat fibres of so called ?all weather clothes? to make them water resistant. PF are effectively spread through water. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are a pollutant source of these substances. PF are poisonous to different kinds of organisms, and supposedly also to human beings, if concentrations are sufficiently high.Perfluorinated substances have been investigated at three waste water treatment plants in Stockholm during the 2000?s.

The field trial Exploatering av höga P-AL-tal (Exploiting P in heavily P dressed soils) started in 1982-1983 and included seventeen study sites placed across Sweden. Each site included three treatments, one unfertilized control (A), one aiming at replenishment of harvest removal, i.e. fertilized with 15 kg P ha-1 year-1 (B) and one over-fertilized (C) with 30 kg P ha-1 year-1. In this thesis data from the five longestrunning study sites are analysed based on four hypotheses. The hypotheses stated that in soils with high P-AL values and a pH over 6.0 P-AL will not decrease over time in the control (A) or in the replenishment treatment (B), that P-AL and P-HCl in the top soil will increase at all sites for the over-fertilized treatment (C) and that yields will not decrease as long as the P-AL is above 12 mg P 100 g-1 soil. My conclusions from the analysis of data from the selected sites are as follows: - A pH above 6.0 cannot guarantee a stable P-AL value in an unfertilized but phosphorus-rich soil. - The P-AL of unfertilized soils decreased faster at lower soil pH than at higher pH. - In the replenishment treatment (B) the rate of P-AL decrease seems to fall at a pH of 6.5. However, the influence of the soil type cannot be ignored. - P-AL and P-HCl did not increase in all over-fertilized treatments.

The efficacy of screening for breast cancer with mammography has been a subject of controversy during the last decades. However, the general opinion is now that screening reduces mortality in breast cancer (Zackrisson, 2006). It is nevertheless important to weigh the efficacy against the harm and costs associated with screening. Cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analysis of screening have generally failed to incorporate side effects such as anxiety and discomfort related to screening tests and the following diagnostic tests (Gyrd-Hansen, 2000). This study seeks to include such side effects in a cost-utility analysis.

Bakgrund: Cancer är en folksjukdom och i Sverige insjuknar varje år 800 unga personer i cancer. För unga vuxna som befinner sig i en omvälvande tid i livet resulterar cancersjukdomen i förändrade roller och en förändrad självbild. När livet och hälsan hotas uppstår ett starkt behov av att berätta. Genom berättelsen tydliggörs upplevelser, för sig själv och för andra. Syfte: Syftet är att utifrån relevant litteratur beskriva unga personers känslor kring att leva med en cancersjukdom.