Inledning: Diabetes är en av våra vanligaste metabola sjukdomar. Behandlingen har varit fokuserad på HbA1c, men vikten av postprandiellt plasmaglukos (PPG) betonas alltmer.Syfte: Att jämföra postprandiellt plasmaglukossvar (PPG) vid måltider med olika fördelning av de energigivande näringsämnena samt olika livsmedelsval, hos individer med diabetes mellitus typ II jämfört med friska.Bakgrund: Rubbad insulinfrisättning och hyperglykemi förekommer alltid vid diabetes typ II och insulinresistens förekommer vanligtvis parallellt. Lågfettkost, medelhavskost och lågkolhydratkost är aktuella kostbehandlingsalternativ.Metod och material: Tre personer med icke-insulinbehandlad diabetes typ II (ID2) samt fyra personer med normal blodglukoskontroll (friska) deltog. Fem måltider serverades i enlighet med Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer Kost vid diabetes. Blodglukos mättes fem gånger under 120 minuter efter måltid.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this medical record research was to study 30 patients with chronic subdural hematoma on a neurosurgical clinic, mapping documented nutritional status, preoperative fasting and hydration and energy supply before surgery. In addition peroperative administration of fluid and vasoactive drugs, as well as postoperative complications and length of hospital stay were studied. The mean age of the patients was 71 years. Nutritional status was evaluated in 12 patients, out of these seven were judged to be at risk for under nutrition. Fifteen patients had surgery day 1 (total fasting time on average m 11 h), eleven had surgery day 2(29 h), three had surgery day 3 (35 h).

Background: During extreme market conditions like the period during fall 2008 the discussion of what affects company value becomes apparent. The capital structure is the relation between borrowed capital and equity in a company´s financing mix. What impact changes in capital structure have on company value is a widely debated subject within the theory of finance. If a relationship between capital structure and company value exists the implication is that an optimal capital structure where company value is maximized also exists.Aim: The aim of the thesis is to study whether a certain relationship between capital structure and company value exists among selected stocks and companies listed on Stockholmsbörsens OMXS30.Implementation: With aim to fulfill the purpose of the thesis regression analysis has been performed among chosen stocks and companies. The empirical results eventuating from this have been analyzed from the view of elected relevant theory.Completion and results: We find that during normal market conditions a positive relationship between debt ratio and enterprise value (EV) can be established.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of ?electronic bullying?, and furthermore to describe how this phenomenon is perceived by teenage girls with language disorders in combination with autism spectra. The conclusions and result from this study is derived from six in-depth interviews, thereof four being with girls with autism spectra diagnosis and all but one diagnosed with language disorder in addition (referred to as main respondents). The two reminding girls neither had language disorder nor autism spectra (referred to as comparing respondents). They were added to the study for the purpose of comparing their experiences and descriptions of those with language disorder and/or autism spectra diagnosis. For interpretation and analysis of study result, I have applied the method of phenomenology.                              The study?s main respondents had own experiences in the area of electronic bullying, albeit their level of knowledge of the subject were very limited and they had problems to interpret information given.

Background: Phonemically balanced word lists are used when obtaining speech recognition scores in noise. These lists are designed for adults, but are still used for children. To properly obtain speech recognition scores in noise for children, normative data is needed to show what differences there are to be expected between children of different ages. Purpose: The main purpose is to obtain normative data for children in the ages of 7, 10 and 13 years for speech recognition scores in noise using words and to compare these with each other and with normative data of adults. A further purpose is to examine if there is any practice- or exhaustion effect to be seen when obtaining speech recognition scores in noise for children in the ages of 7, 10 and 13 years.Material: The participants were ten 7-year-olds, ten 10-year-olds and ten 13-year-olds.

The aim of the project was to develop a method to investigate differences in adhesion of microorganisms to materials that contains lignocellulose. The method was tested on a gram-positive (Micrococcus lutea) and one gram-negative (E-coliJM109) bacteria.The study was begun by cultivation of the two microorganisms. The cultivation was done to calculate the generation times of the bacteria and to obtain growth curves. Cells from these cultivations were also frozen (-70ºC) and later used for inoculation.At STFI-Packforsk AB the total charge on the mass was measured and later a conductivity titration on the mass was executed as well, all to find out more about the different properties of the mass. Properties that in a later part of this study could possibly be linked to the adhesion of cells to the pulp.

Vid kronisk sjukdom förändras livet ofta på ett dramatiskt sätt. Fati-gue är ett av de vanligaste symtomen som personer med kroniska sjukdomar upplever. Fatigue kan beskrivas som ett subjektivt obe-hagligt symtom som kan innefatta total kroppslig upplevelse med allt från trötthet till utmattning, detta skapar ett opålitligt tillstånd som påverkar individens förmåga till normal kapacitet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva människors upplevelser av att leva med fatigue vid kronisk sjukdom. Nio kvalitativa artiklar analysera-des med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys och resulterade i fyra ka-tegorier: tröttheten påverkar hela kroppen, det sociala livet begrän-sas, beroendet ökar men hoppet finns kvar och fatigue uppstår av oli-ka anledningar och fluktuerar så egenvården måste skräddarsys.

Vid kronisk sjukdom förändras livet ofta på ett dramatiskt sätt. Fati-gue är ett av de vanligaste symtomen som personer med kroniska sjukdomar upplever. Fatigue kan beskrivas som ett subjektivt obe-hagligt symtom som kan innefatta total kroppslig upplevelse med allt från trötthet till utmattning, detta skapar ett opålitligt tillstånd som påverkar individens förmåga till normal kapacitet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva människors upplevelser av att leva med fatigue vid kronisk sjukdom. Nio kvalitativa artiklar analysera-des med kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys och resulterade i fyra ka-tegorier: tröttheten påverkar hela kroppen, det sociala livet begrän-sas, beroendet ökar men hoppet finns kvar och fatigue uppstår av oli-ka anledningar och fluktuerar så egenvården måste skräddarsys.

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en kronisk gynekologisk sjukdom med okänd etiologi som drabbar 10 % av kvinnor i fertil ålder och som har en djupgående påverkan på samtliga delar av kvinnors välmående. Dessa kvinnor blir ofta misstrodda och avfärdade av vårdpersonal när de söker vård för sjukdomen och deras smärtproblematik anses vara ?normal?. Feminism kan användas som ett verktyg för att undersöka denna företeelse. Syfte: Att beskriva hur kvinnor med endometrios upplever mötet med vårdpersonal.

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a phenomena that is much talked about in both schools and in communities. Today, there is a conflict surrounding the diagnosis ADHD. A part of the conflict takes part between the sociologist Eva Kärfve and Christopher Gillberg, professor in child- and teenage psychology. The roots of this conflict surrounds the much debated line of what is seen as normal and ?too? different, basically how many children that actually should have the diagnosis.

Elephants are hindgut fermenters, which affects their diurnal rhythm. To reach their nutrient demands, elephants must eat almost constantly throughout the light part of the day. Sexual dimorphism may also affect their behavioral patterns. To understand the elephants' normal living habits and foraging behaviour, we conducted a pre-study in the Mara Triangle, the north-western part of the Maasai Mara National Reserve. Each of four to six observers randomly chose a focal animal within the group of elephants by the criteria that they were adults and visible.

Individual Education Plans and the means of creating a sustainable platform for children with learning difficulties is a subject of vast discussion. The original idea was to create a system in which the documentation of certain students with learning difficulties would lead to precautions being taken in order to eradicate difficulties and improve student?s abilities to excel in studies. However, in practice, the IEPs proved less functioning and the special needs of students were not attained accordingly to the theoretical approach. In some aspects the IEPs were a helpful tool to create sustainability for students with special needs, but in the long term the IEPs seemed to provide less support and more segregation.

The purpose with this study was to describe and analyse the daily activities of a criminal group in a southern suburb of Stockholm, Norra Botkyrka, and their attitude to drugs, the police, crimes in general, accomplices and their plans for the future. The study is a combination of different qualitative methods that is built on unobtrusive methods and interviews that was carried out during winter in 2006 and spring in 2007 and six interviews. My interest to carry out this study was grounded on my several years of experience as a prison and probation officer in the prison. I chose to ?live? with a group of criminals and participated in some of their social activities.The respondents that I chose to call ?anti-heroes? proudly tell me about their criminal lifestyle that characterizes of violence, drugs, crimes and conflict where this people show no regret.

This master of science thesis is focusing on how the fault handling on hardware connected toa control unit on a Scania vehicle is working. To the hardware counts buttons levers, sensorsand CAN. The work has been concentrated upon how the fault handling is working and if it ispossible to find any new fault modes.The control unit that has been studied is called the Coordinator and is the core in Scanias threenetworks of control units. The Coordinators work is to transmit messages between the threenetworks and to process signals from buttons, levers and sensors. The values is then usedinternally or is sent to other control units on the CAN networks.

This thesis deals with the design of a combinated rescue-, personal-, and firefighting elevator for a nuclear waste storage facility to be constructed by the client SKB, Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB. SKB:s mission is to dispose of all nuclear waste from all swedish nuclear power plants. The storage facility will be built in the rock 450 m under the surface and will consist of several kilometers of tunnel where capsules containing the nuclear waste will be placed. It will also hold a central area which contains spaces necessary for the operation and construction of the facility, such as elevator hall, storage hall etc. The facility will have two ways of access: a vehicle ramp and an elevator shaft.