Bakgrund: Smärta är för intensivvårdspatienten en unik, subjektiv, obehaglig och flerdimensionell upplevelse. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskan har ett moraliskt ansvar att lindra patienternas smärta. Verbalt icke-kommunicerandepatienter kan inte skatta sin smärta med hjälp av Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). På en neurointensivvårdsavdelning (NIVA) i Stockholm har det beteendebaserade smärtskattningsverktyget- the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), implementerats. Intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna på NIVA använder CPOT dagligen i sitt arbete.

There is an irregularity in the interregional migration in Sweden. An increasing proportion ofthe population is drawn to the metropolitan areas, which creates problems for the smallermunicipalities and towns when their population declines. At the same time, our whole societyis faced with a great challenge: we need to redirect towards a sustainable development, wherethe environmental issues are discussed and dealt with to secure that all present and futuregenerations are given equal opportunities to live a good life.The aim of this study is to, focusing mainly on the environmental dimension of thesustainability concept, examine the attractivity of housing with sustainability claims. Toanswer this, three research questions were used:? Was the migration motive to reduce their environmental impact a part of the decision tomove, among migrants who had moved to housing with sustainability claims?? If the motive was a part of the decision, how much impact did it have compared to othermigration motives?? Which factors in housing aiming at sustainability are considered important by peopleliving in housing with sustainability claims?The research questions have been answered using quantitative data, gained in the form of selfadministeredquestionnaires which were distributed in four different residential areas withsustainability claims in the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden.

Under senare tid har förändringar mot ökat elevinflytande genomförts i skolan. Undersökningen syftar till att se hur eget ansvar och inflytande över lärandet fungerar utifrån en pedagogisk modell, TEA. Modellen är införd på en grundskola och studien avser elever i år 9.I teoriavsnittet beskrivs olika sätt att se på lärande och olika möjligheter att utforma lärandesituationer. Undersökningen, som genomförs med hjälp av triangulering (observationer, dagböcker och intervjuer), belyser hur eleverna anser att TEA fungerar.I undersökningen framkommer att det finns stora kontraster mellan teori, skolans mål för TEA och den verklighet som eleverna representerar.Avslutningsvis diskuteras tänkbara anledningar till skillnaderna som framkommer och hur man utifrån resultatet kan utveckla elevernas inflytande och ansvar över lärandesituationen..

The purpose with this essay is to explore how pupils in a special group of education experience how it feels to be part of this kind of group. Further I want to examine a special educationalist view of this kind of groups. To perform this essay I choose to interview four pupils and one special educationalist. Through the interviews I want to discover the pupils and the special educationalists thoughts and experience. The result has been compared with earlier research and the essay has its basis in different theories.

The aim of this study was to examine the occurence of norms in court cases regarding the Swedish law of support and service for disabled (Lag 1993:387 om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade) with the help of a discourse analysis method. More specifically its aim was to examine and identify norms in the different dictums/statements that were to be found in the court cases regarding the supportive institution "contact person" according to the Swedish law "LSS" with the help of a norm science approach. The aim was also to examine when the applicant was found to be entitled to a contact person according to the LSS-law. To be able to do this, the author studied thirty-four different court cases. In these cases six themes were found, that indicated the occurence of norms.

Denna studies syfte är att med utgångspunkt i den allmänna diskursen om likvärdighet och dess pragmatiska innebörd, söka belysa spänningsfält mellan politiskt fattade beslut och skolans filosofiska, politiska och pedagogiska diskursser. Studien använder sig av kvalitativa teoretiska och metodologiska utgångspunkter. Studiens resultat uppvisar flera bilder av likvärdighetens pragmatiska innebörd. I skärningspunkten mellan pedagogik, politik och filosofi pågår olika diskurser om likvärdighet. Med stöd i diskursteorin visas att diskurser om ekonomi och politik står överordnatd andra moraletiska diskurser i skolan och att en gemensam norm för likvärdighet är en myt eftersom pragmatiska sammanhang förändrar diskursen om likvärdighet till många olika perspektiv och antaganden..

The aim of this study was to describe the attitudes against abused women. A literature review was used in this study. Information was collected from the literature and articles written about the subject and brought together and then critical analysed. To help with the organisation structure we used Ida Jean Orlando's theory as a theoretical framework. Our findings indicate that the nurses had a lack of acknowledgment about the women's situations and needed education about their situations.

The aim of this essay has been to surrey the perspective of view the special education teachers have on the tree concepts of special education, compensatory-, critical and dilemma perspectiveThe questions that have been covered in this study areWhat does the concept of special education means for the special teachers? What does the concept of mathematic difficulties means for the special teachers?What does the concept of the diagnostics of dyscalculia means for the special teachers?A qualitative research method has been used to answer the questions in this essay. In the purpose to get the most out of the study..

Syftet med min studie är att kartlägga hur man som lärare kan arbete för att motivera sina elever i den dagliga undervisningen. Detta sett ur ett pedagogperspektiv. Resultatet är baserat på kvalitativa intervjuer med tre aktiva lärare. Resultat tillsammans med förankring i för studien aktuell litteratur utgör grund för diskussion. Resultatet tillsammans med litteraturen visar att arbete med att främja individers motivation är komplex och att det inte finns några enkla lösningar på hur man skall gå tillväga.

There is an irregularity in the interregional migration in Sweden. An increasing proportion ofthe population is drawn to the metropolitan areas, which creates problems for the smallermunicipalities and towns when their population declines. At the same time, our whole societyis faced with a great challenge: we need to redirect towards a sustainable development, wherethe environmental issues are discussed and dealt with to secure that all present and futuregenerations are given equal opportunities to live a good life.The aim of this study is to, focusing mainly on the environmental dimension of thesustainability concept, examine the attractivity of housing with sustainability claims. Toanswer this, three research questions were used:? Was the migration motive to reduce their environmental impact a part of the decision tomove, among migrants who had moved to housing with sustainability claims?? If the motive was a part of the decision, how much impact did it have compared to othermigration motives?? Which factors in housing aiming at sustainability are considered important by peopleliving in housing with sustainability claims?The research questions have been answered using quantitative data, gained in the form of selfadministeredquestionnaires which were distributed in four different residential areas withsustainability claims in the county of Västra Götaland, Sweden.

        This is a report that describes the entire process of design of a measuring station for rolling resistance. The report is structured with elements of Fredy Olsson's method.The report also includes a brief presentation of HGF, the company that will manufacture the machine. Requirements and preferences are set up and used in a weighting of criteria by which product suggestions are based. These suggestions are used in the evaluation to produce a final draft product. Solutions to major functions are produced by criteria?s. Component selection for all components is performed, a CAD-based model is developed and an economic analysis is set up. FMEA analysis is set up. The report ends with a brief summary, critical review and suggestions for further work..

Studien är en diskursanalys av jämlikhet i nordiska styrdokument för grundskolor. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten utgörs av Ernesto Laclaus och Chantal Mouffes diskursteori, kompletterad av Judith Butler teori kring könsdikotomin. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys urskiljs diskursiva processer av norm- och gruppbildning i styrdokumenten. Fram träder en bild där jämlikhet som begrepp och värde skiljer sig mellan de nordiska länderna men också stora likheter. Kön är en överordnad jämlikhetsfråga samtidigt som det råder en tydlig hierarki mellan de grupper som särskiljs från majoritetsgruppen utifrån föreställningar om språk och kultur.

The purpose of this study is to explore how teachers in Sweden and Croatia work with children that have problems like ADHD and dyslexia in school. I have chosen to compare pedagogical methods between Swedish and Croatian teachers which are used in work with children with difficulties when it comes to the education and teachers approach to these children. I have done a qualified study and have interviewed teachers in both Sweden and Croatia and one specialist in pedagogy in Croatia. I compared with these interviews information from earlier studies and literature. Results show that teachers in Sweden are of the opinion that every student who has these difficulties is different and therefore the use a variation of pedagogical strategies is crucial.

Dagens samhälle präglas av en mångfald som självklart avspeglar sig i skolan. Syftet med vår undersökning är att skaffa oss kunskap om lärares förhållningssätt gentemot denna mångfald. Vi är även intresserade av att se vilka eventuella möjligheter och begränsningar lärare ser i undervisningen ur ett mångfaldsperspektiv. Undersökningen grundar sig på en kvalitativ forskning där intervjuer med några lärare i samhällsorienterande ämnen i grundskolans senare år samt gymnasiet har gjorts. Vid sammanställningen av dessa intervjuer som genomförts med lärare från de senare skolåren uppkom en stor variation av uppfattningar kring vad mångfald är och vad det får för betydelse för läraryrket.

The aim of this graduate essay is to elucidate and compare the approach to learning that emerges in texts about the two educational practices Montessori and Reggio Emilia.The guiding research questions in this study are:What do Montessori and Reggio Emilia that learning is about?The mean Montessori and Reggio Emilia that learning goes to?How do you describe the Montessori and Reggio Emilia justification why it is important to learn? Through a poststructural theoretical framework and text analysis the study focused on what has been written about learning in the traditions of Montessori and Reggio Emilia.The results of the study indicate that both Montessori and Reggio Emilia look at the child in a similar way in which the child have the desire to explore and learn. Both pedagogy traditions think that the child will develop into independent people who can change society in the future for the better and with a democratic basis.The study also reveals how the Swedish curriculum (Skolverket, 98/10) is inspired both by the Reggio Emilia and Montessori traditions through describing how preschool should stimulate and challenge the child's development and learning, utilize and strengthen the interests of children to learn to conquer new experiences, knowledge and skills..