Bröstcancer är den vanligaste cancerformen hos kvinnor och med hjälp av mammografi kan bröstcancer upptäckas i ett tidigt skede. Mammografi är dock inte alltid är den bästa modaliteten att diagnostisera bröstcancer med eller för att bedöma cancern. Vilka kvinnor är det egentligen som får magnetresonansetomografi som en kompletterande undersökning ellersom screening? Genom denna litteraturstudie har vi sammanställt detta. MRT som komplement till mammografi kan användas bland annat för kvinnor som har en känd ärftlig faktor att utveckla bröstcancer.

Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga screeningsinstrument som mäter nutritionsstatus hos kritiskt sjuka samt se hur de används i vården. Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Artiklar söktes i databaserna Cinahl och Medline. Tretton artiklar identifierades, efter kvalitetsgranskning, till studien. I resultatet framkom flera nutritionsscreeningsinstrument och tre utav dessa; SGA, MUST och NRS 2002, var mer anpassade för screening av kritiskt sjuka.

Många liv räddas idag då mammografiscreeningen som erbjuds symtomfria kvinnor tillhörande riskgrupper för bröstcancer, gör att cancer kan upptäckas på ett tidigt stadium. Screeningen utförs med röntgen, vilket är den metod som anses mest lämplig. Metoden är förhållandevis snabb och billig, men den har några nackdelar. Den kan vara ospecifik då man med denna metod avbildar skillnad i densitet mellan tumör och frisk vävnad, och ibland är denna skillnad så liten att det är svårt att detektera på bild. Bröst med högt innehåll av körtelvävnad försvårar även detektionen ytterligare.

Aim: Auditors objectivity is an obvious part of auditing, but there is doubts and hesitation in society today because of the corporate scandals that have occurred in recent years. Several researchers suggest that auditors actions and behaviors is connected to the ethical climate within the organization. A relationship that also affects auditors objectivity and independence. This thesis aims to investigate how the ethical climate influence auditors choice of relationship to their clients, by choosing a relational and close relationship or a transactional and distanced relationship. And if the client approach have an effect on the auditors objectivity.Method: A survey was conducted among 232 certified accountants in Sweden.

Stress and burnout are two words that are commonly occurring in many contexts today. More and more people experience that they are stressed and that they does not feel well. The long term sick -leave increases as a consequence of people being burned out. These phenomena prolong over all ages, sexes, classes and professional categories, which probably means that the construction industry would not be spared.  In the construction industry, stress and bad health are no new phenomenon, already during the 1970s and big parts of the 1990 s, the construction sector were exposed to the phenomena.A sector that has a large turnover annually cannot presumably be faultless.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka lärare och speciallärares uppfattningar och erfarenheter av elever i läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Frågeställningarna handlar om förutsättningar för lärandet, upptäckt och identifiering, vilket stöd elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter får och hur stödet för dessa elever organiseras. Andra frågor rör undervisningsmetoder och arbetssätt som enligt lärarna och speciallärarna är framgångsrika för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter.Studien är en kvalitativ studie som utgår från ett specialpedagogiskt perspektiv. Den metod som använts är halvstrukturerade intervjuer, vilka har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat: Förutsättningar för att läsinlärningen ska fungera handlar om miljömässiga faktorer där barnets tidiga möte med språket och texter är av betydelse. Även individbundna faktorer som fonologisk medvetenhet, kopplingen fonem-grafem och förmåga till koncentration, är exempel på förutsättningar för den första läsinlärningen.

 The 2008 U.S. Presidential Elections were in many ways special, where the USA got its first president of Afro-American origin, Barack Obama. The elections will also be historical since the great use of social medias - as the community Facebook, the video sharing site YouTube and web based diaries, blogs - broke through during the campaigns. This study's purpose was to examine how a few members of the Swedish parliament described the result of the Presidential Elections in their blogs. The main question - how the election results were described in the blogs - was divided into three themes, created on the basis of the blog's content.

The Swedish social insurance agency provides financial support for families and children, but also for people with work injury, illness and at old age. During 2012 they saw the amount of notifications of insurance increasing in Sweden, which is a development that cost our society a great deal of money. With the aim to pursue a sustainable development I have therefore devoted this project to wellness and stress management within preschool.The employees of preschool are often dealing with a lot of stress, due to the big groups of children that causes high noise and sound levels. The high noise and sound levels is a contributor to stress which additionally can damage the health and cause impaired hearing loss. About half of the people around their forties until the age of retirement have difficulties understanding speech in large groups.The purpose of this project has been to investigate the causes of negative stress for my target group, women between 30-60 years old who works in preschool.

The Swedish social insurance agency provides financial support for families and children, but also for people with work injury, illness and at old age. During 2012 they saw the amount of notifications of insurance increasing in Sweden, which is a development that cost our society a great deal of money. With the aim to pursue a sustainable development I have therefore devoted this project to wellness and stress management within preschool.The employees of preschool are often dealing with a lot of stress, due to the big groups of children that causes high noise and sound levels. The high noise and sound levels is a contributor to stress which additionally can damage the health and cause impaired hearing loss. About half of the people around their forties until the age of retirement have difficulties understanding speech in large groups.The purpose of this project has been to investigate the causes of negative stress for my target group, women between 30-60 years old who works in preschool.

Abstract Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka språkliga förkunskaper eleven behöver för att bli en god läsare. En god läsare definieras i detta arbete enligt följande: eleven ska i slutet av årskurs tre ha nått upp till LUS punkt 15. Detta innebär att eleven läser flytande med en god förståelse kapitelböcker avsedda för unga. Jag vill även undersöka om läsinlärningsmetoden har haft någon påverkan för de elever som inte har goda språkliga förkunskaper. Den tidigare forskningen i ämnet visar att fonologisk medvetenhet är en viktig förutsättning för att bli en god läsare.

The world around us is shrinking and globalization and capitalism are processes affecting the world. Global trends, like outsourcing and relocation of firms to low-cost countries, have become more common. This creates a huge vulnerability in the municipalities that today are concentrated around a single large company. One of these is Olofström which today is one of the most vulnerable municipalities in Sweden and whose survival today lies in the hand of the company ?Volvo Cars Corporation?.

A large number of rivers in northern Sweden have hydropower developments that cause negative effects on both up- and downstream migrations of anadromous species like Atlantic salmon. So far, most attention has focused on the hindrances of adult fish during their upstream spawning migration. However, since turbines in power stations cause losses on downstream passing fish, the focus on negative effects on smolts has increased. The aim of this study was to compare three different causes of losses of salmon smolts passing downstream through a power station area in the flow-controlled River Åbyälven in northern Sweden.A total of 61 wild salmon smolts were caught and radio-tagged in the River Åbyälven during their downstream migration in June 2009. The salmon smolts were released at three locations, 1.1 km upstream from the power station, in the turbine intake and in the upper part of a fishway, acting both for up- and downstream fish passage.

Background: Media has for a long time been reporting about the audit industry, often focusing on so-called auditing scandals. Economic journalism has grown stronger, the corporations are given more and more power in society and the public interest is increasing. We intend to examine how mass media affects the expectations gap and how the auditing firms operate strengthening the society?s confidence in the industry after mass medial exploitation. We also want to investigate whether the relatively new phenomenon social media is affecting the auditing firms and industry?s external communication, as well as what consequences negative publicity may have for the individual auditor.Aim: The aim of the study is to create an understanding of the audit industry?s relation to the media as well as to describe and analyze how mass media?s coverage is affecting the audit industry, auditing firms as well as the individual auditor.

The importance of chemical use is enormous for areas such as agriculture, industry and medicine and hence a prerequisite for our modern society. In order to protect humans and the environment from the negative effects of chemical use, chemical regulations have been used at a relatively early stage in our history. The purpose of REACH, the new chemical regulation of the European Union, is to generate new knowledge of chemicals within the European market and to increase the responsibilities of the enterprises when it comes to risk management. Whether the enterprises will implement the regulations or not will be of vital importance for the realization of the law?s intentions.The purpose of this study was to identify possibilities and problems that can occur when a downstream-user SME is about to implement REACH.

Syftet med föreliggande enkätstudie var att undersöka om distriktssköterskorna upplever att de har tillräckligt med kunskap och stöd för att genomföra stödsamtal med deprimerade mammor, samt att se hur handläggningen ser ut då mammor visar tecken på postnatal depression. Urvalet bestod i distriktssköterskor som genomgått utbildning i Postnatal depression och svarsfrekvensen i enkätstudien var 66 %. Samtliga respondenter upplever att utbildningen i Postnatal depression är användbar i deras arbete. Mest nytta har de av att veta hur en bra screening ska gå till. Majoriteten av respondenterna har tillgång till handledning med psykolog 1 gång/mån eller 2-3 gånger/halvår.