The incineration of waste is steadily increasing in Sweden and so is the production of ashes. The bottom ash has for many years been used as construction material in landfills. Now many of the nation's landfills are closed and there is a great need to find another beneficial use for the ash. Bottom ash is a gravel-like material and with its material properties it can replace natural gravel in parts of roads and surface constructions. Today this use is only approved within landfill areas where leachate is collected and checked.

The EU's Water Framework Directive aims to a long-term and sustainable use of our water resources and wants to ensure good water quality in Europe's water bodies. Discharge of polluted stormwater into receiving waters can be a threat to their ecological and chemical status. Municipalities are responsible for supervision of the environmental quality standards (EQS) and therefore need to gain knowledge of current stormwater management, the expected level of pollution emissions and possible appropriate purification steps to ensure that the goal of good water quality is achieved.This master thesis aims to provide this knowledge in the example case of Vallentunas urban area and wants to prepare future oversight so that it can be assessed how much the discharge of polluted stormwater into the local receiving water is a threat to its status. With the help of maps, aerial photographs, site observations and individual discussions those areas are mapped where appearance of moderate to highly polluted stormwater could be suspected. The degree of pollution at the discharge points is determined based on land use upstream and uses standard values according to the administrators assistance "Tillsyn av dagvatten" (MSL 2014).The study identifies 100 areas in need of supervision regarding their stormwater management.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att förklara sambandet mellan faktorgrupperna kommunspecifika faktorer, kontraktsspecifika faktorer samt upphandlingsspecifika faktorer, och överprövning av offentlig upphandling. Teoretisk ansats: Utifrån denna studies teoretiska referensram innefattande Public Choice-teorin, NPM och kontraktsteorin, har vi definierat tre olika faktorgrupper som är kopplade till offentlig upphandling och som är av betydelse för överprövning. Utifrån denna teoretiska referensram har hypoteser formulerats för att testa sambandet mellan faktorgrupperna och överprövning. Metod: Studien består av två delstudier som är utförda enligt en kvantitativ metod. I delstudie 1 genomfördes en datainsamling för 30 olika kommuner gällande kommunens helhetsperspektiv.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the role of regional development planning concerning a regional perspective of green structure and to reflect on its future role. The target group of the study is foremost practitioners but also students of regional planning and development. Three questions are examined. 1) What view concerning green structure has the regional planning body of Stockholm County Council (RTK) communicated through the years? 2) Has this view contributed to generating a common understanding concerning green structure among the actors in the county? 3) Has this common understanding been referred to by actors in discussions concerning how this green structure should develop? The empirical material consists of documents from rtk, the County Administrative Board, the Municipalities of the county, a network of ngo:s, as well as interviews with representatives from the above mentioned organizations.

This paper describes the integration of environmental assessment in Swedish municipality comprehensive planning through a chosen case study. The implementation of a new EGdirective in Swedish law, concerning Assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment, should lead to some changes in the way Swedish Municipalities' deals with environmental issues in their comprehensive plans. This could later on lead to new preconditions for municipality comprehensive planning. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the planning organisation in the municipality adapts to new regulations for impact assessment of comprehensive plans required by the Planning and Building act. Secondly the purpose was to partly participate in the early stages of the planning process and thereby indicate and identify possible environmental impacts regarding the aspects of land and water. This was done as a case study in a well defined part of the process.

The aim with this report is to investigate what influence the way playgrounds are used throw the case study in Vänersborg, and also to find methods for Municipalities to collect information about how playgrounds are used. The methods were observations, interviews with parents and children, a questionary with questions about what playgrounds they used, how often and why they used them and what the children used to do there. There was also a demographic investigation and documentary research. The most popular playground, Skräcklan, gets visitors from all parts of the municipality. It is located in a park with a view over the lake Vänern, there is a parking place and a café and it has furthermore a large area and many play equipments. Many of the families make shorter trips and picnics to this place. In exception of this playground, the families almost always go to the playground in their neighborhood and their part of the town.

In Europe, the central governments are the ones to coordinate the international standards and strategies regarding GPP; Green Public Procurement. However in Spain a GPP program was introduced late and only applied to the Central Government Institutions, (AGEA) (BOE nr. 027, 2008). These means that smaller administrations, such as, Autonomous Regions, Municipalities and Town Councils were not included in the program. The absence of a national program which excludes those governments made them introduce their own criteria for GPP, and the difference in criteria varies from one government to the other.

Background: In newspaper articles, we can nowadays read headlines as"Stop the robbing!"and"They pay extra tax through rent". A column in Göteborgsposten describes enormous amounts of money, pouring between municipal companies. Numerous of local newspapers have started to pay attention to their municipal companies and the transfer of profits from municipal housing enterprises and electric power companies. What are upsetting these journalists then? Both Hyresgästföreningen (The Swedish tenants? association) and Boverket (The Swedish National Housing Board) indicate that the fiscal purpose of transactions within the group no longer is primary for Municipalities.

In Europe, the central governments are the ones to coordinate the international standards and strategies regarding GPP; Green Public Procurement. However in Spain a GPP program was introduced late and only applied to the Central Government Institutions, (AGEA) (BOE nr. 027, 2008). These means that smaller administrations, such as, Autonomous Regions, Municipalities and Town Councils were not included in the program. The absence of a national program which excludes those governments made them introduce their own criteria for GPP, and the difference in criteria varies from one government to the other.

Under 1980-talets andra halva hade bostadsmarknaden sin storhetstid, många nya bostäder byggdes och antalet vakanser var nästan obefintliga. Till följd av den stora fastighetskraschen som inträffade under tidigt 1990-tal fick många bostadsföretag ekonomiska problem. Många kommunala bostadsföretag fick höga vakanser att arbeta med. För att komma till rätta med dessa problem behövde bostadsföretagen vidta åtgärder och dessa kunde bland annat vara, hyressänkningar och rabatter, marknadsföring, försäljningar, rivningar, ombyggnad och att lägga fastigheter i malpåse. För de mest utsatta kommunerna fanns i slutet av 1990-talet även möjligheten att söka statligt stöd.Som en bakgrund till studien ges en förklaring till begreppet vakanser och naturlig vakansgrad, här beskrivs även hur vakanser i vissa fall kan ha uppkommit.

Mot bakgrund av de senaste decenniernas konjunktursvängningar i världsekonomin konstaterades det i Sverige att det fanns ett behov av att kunna möta dessa svängningar. Detta resulterade i den lagändring av Kommunallagen och Lagen om kommunal redovisning som erbjöd kommuner möjligheten till att införa en resultatutjämningsreserv i redovisningen. Denna resultatutjämningsreserv utgör ett periodiseringsverktyg där medel kan reserveras i goda tider för att sedan utnyttjas i sämre. Lagändringen är frivillig att anamma och har skapat en viss flexibilitet i kommunernas redovisning. Då kommuner har olika förutsättningar kan detta leda till att motiven till ställningstagandet kring ett införande av en resultatutjämningsreserv skiljer sig mellan kommuner.

Denna studie handlar om kommuners anva?ndning av sociala medier i allma?nhet och Facebook i synnerhet. Fenomenet sociala medier har vuxit sig allt starkare under de senaste a?ren och nu fo?r tiden anva?nds de inte bara av privatpersoner, utan ocksa? av fo?retag, organisationer och nu a?ven myndigheter, som bo?rjat se nyttan med dem. Arbetet bygger vidare pa? en studie som har genomfo?rts av Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (SKL), som har tagit fram riktlinjer fo?r hur kommuner skall fo?rha?lla sig till medborgare na?r det ga?ller anva?ndning av sociala medier.

The elderly care is an area of great importance to women. Women are more often in need of elderly care; they work with the service and provide a majority of the informal service. Research shows that managers? work-related prerequisites are significantly different between the male dominated technical administration and the female dominated care and educational administration. Studies also show that what the highest managerial organisation gives priority to, often permeate the whole organisation.

Europe has, since the economic crisis of 2007, gained increasing social segregation. The gap between rich and poor has increased and the large number of hidden statistics regarding people excluded from the labor market is greater than in many years. Social exclusion has thus taken a toll on community groups that already before the crisis had a hard time getting included. Groups such as young, elderly, immigrants and people with mental of physical disabilities. To curb this development, the European Commission have, since the 2004 directives, enabled public sector clients to, through procurement of goods, services and contracts, include measures that promote social consideration.Social consideration is a term that have been a part of Swedish procurement legislation since 2007, and was updated in 2010.

Sverige utnämndes senast år 2006 till världens mest jämställda land. Samtidigt visar forskning tvärt om att Sverige inte är ett jämställt land och att ojämställdhet finns på en rad områden i samhället. Denna studie syftar till att problematisera ämnet jämställdhet genom att belysa det formella och informella jämställdhetsarbete som bedrivs vid Barn- och ungdomsförvaltningen i Karlskrona kommun. Med utgångspunkt i de anställdas upplevelser sökte vi svar på följande frågor: Vilka kunskaper och erfarenheter har de anställda om det formella och informella jämställdhetsarbetet vid förvaltningen?, samt Vilka möjligheter och hinder finns vid förvaltningen för att uppnå en jämställd arbetsplats? Studien inleds med en definition av jämställdhetsbegreppet och jämställdhetsarbete, och en förförståelse för ämnet skildras.