Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka pedagogers och barns samspel i relation med matematiska begrepp och ta reda på vilka matematiska begrepp som blir synliga vid aktiviteter inomhus i en förskoleklass. Arbetet är både en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ undersökning. Strukturerade observationer och intervjuer används som undersökningsmetoder. Intervjuerna kompletterar observationerna för att ta reda på pedagogers syfte med aktiviteterna och hur medvetna pedagoger arbetar. Dessutom jämförs observationerna och intervjuerna i analysen. Studien visar att pedagogerna har en stor betydelse i barnens matematiska begreppsutveckling. Språket är hjälpmedel för att kunna påverka barnens tankar mot utveckling och barnens användning av matematiska begrepp är beroende av hur ofta pedagogerna uttrycker sig med hjälp av matematiska begrepp.

Syftet med studien var att ta reda på vilka strategier elever väljer när de ska lösaett matematiskt problem. Vi genomförde en observation och nio individuellaintervjuer med elever i årskurs 3. De fick lösa ett matematiskt problem somobserverades. Utifrån elevernas lösningar genomförde vi sedan intervjuer för attta reda på vilka strategier de valt att använda för att lösa problemet. Resultatet avelevernas lösningar visade på flera olika lösningsstrategier.

Food-poisoning is a major health problem and an estimated half a million Swedes are food-poisoned annually, with acute gastroenteritis as a consequence. One of the major causes of contaminated foods is related to food- and waterborne viruses. To be able to trace back the source of contaminant, the method of detecting viruses must be specific and sensitive. No standardized method for detecting foods for sapovirus exists today. The aim of the work described in this bachelor thesis is to implement and opti-mize a real-time RT-PCR method for the detection of all genogroups of human sapovirus in foods.

In order to optimize calf welfare and health it is important to know the behavior of cattle in free ranging conditions. When the cow is about to give birth to a calf she will leave the heard about 12 hours before. It is then rather obvious that isolating the cow about calving time in a single pen is imitating the cows? natural behavior. To save space and minimize building cost it?s common that the farmers build calving pens for four of five cows especially at larger farms.

To effectively manage a forest resource for both economic and other values good planning is required. The problem is complex since you want to know which forest to cut and when. Often a hierarchical planning structure is applied, including strategic (long-term), tactical, (medium-term) and operational level. Today SCA Forest is one of few forestry companies in the northern Sweden with an integrated forest wood supply and industry. The goals of the company are to supply their own industries with wood and to manage the resources of the forest through a long-term perspective with satisfactory profitability.

Stage-discharge equations for lakes without disharge measurementsSimon AnderssonIn 2015 all lakes, rivers, coastal water and groundwater should be of good ecological statusaccording to the water framework directive from the European Union. In the process ofimproving the quality of Swedish water bodies, knowledge of where problems occur isneeded in order to utilize the resources optimally. The ability of lakes to store water is animportant factor since it controls the flow of water through the country. A stage-dischargeequation is a mathematical relation between discharge from a lake and its water level. Bybetter understanding of stage-discharge equations for lakes, their storage capacity can bedescribed better in hydrological models.This master thesis aims to evaluate methods for determining stage-discharge equations forlakes where a variable amount of field measurements is available.

The focus of this project was to characterize the occurrence of ESBL-­?producing bacteria in two irrigation water ponds in Southern Sweden. Samples were taken from two ponds nearby each other, from which analyses were made based on levels of community and individual isolates. Community samples were used for attempts for characterization of resistance patterns in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­?plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­?selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­?system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­?agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­?system. These were further characterized using Etest-­?sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­?panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­?borne resistance genes CTX-­?M1, CTX-­?M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­?resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­?plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­?agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ?-­?lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­?M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­?plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ?-­?lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­? and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade. in irrigation water using the Omnilog PM-­?plate system. The growth of community microbiota in the presence of the following antibiotic substances was assessed; amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin G, ampicillin, piperacillin, trimethoprim, potassium tellurite and ciprofloxacin. Isolates were pure cultured using semi-­?selective media: LB, Rainbow Agar, mEnterococcus, 0.1 TSA and VRBD. A total of 177 isolates were isolated randomly. Each isolate was identified using the Omnilog GENIII-­?system of biochemical characterization. Further, the isolates were tested on Brilliance ESBL-­?agar for their ability to grow. Out of the total number of isolates, 30 were selected, preferably Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas spp., based on their high similarity to library strain during the identification in the Omnilog-­?system. These were further characterized using Etest-­?sticks. Three selected strains were picked for further analyses using exogenous isolation for attempts to simulate horizontal gene transfer, and Omnilog PM-­?panels containing various antibiotics of interest. Selections of samples were chosen for molecular tests targeting plasmid-­?borne resistance genes CTX-­?M1, CTX-­?M2 and SHV. The method for assessing community-­?resistance patterns showed ambiguous data that was difficult to interpret; further optimization is recommended. For all tested PM-­?plates, generally greatest differences between substances were found among wells with the strongest concentration of antibiotic substance. A total of 175 isolates displayed ability to grow on ESBL-­?agar. Etests confirmed ability of isolates to resist many ?-­?lactam antibiotics and many were clinically resistant to certain substances. No plasmids were transferred during exogenous isolation. During molecular tests, a few matches were found for the CTX-­?M1 gene. Isolates analyzed with Omnilog PM-­?plates showed resistance to most compounds tested. The isolates showed greatest resistance toward penicillin G, ampicillin, amikacin, kanamycin and trimethoprim. In the study, it was established that resistance among bacteria was frequently occurring in the irrigation water, and ?-­?lactamase producing bacteria was very common. Extended studies are needed to assess the frequency-­? and occurrence of horizontal gene transfer (HGF) in this environment. Although some potential corresponding data is found, it is at this point not possible to determine whether the resistances are due to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine, human medicine or one additional reason is travel and trade..

This study analyses the economic consequences due to ethanol production in Eastern Sweden. The analyses consider the cooperative and the farmers as one vertically integrated company. The area that found the market in this study is illustrated in figure 1. The analyses assume that all members act jointly with the objective of maximizing joint profits at the farm level as well as at the cooperative firm. A mathematical model is created to calculate the optimal use of arable land.

Både från politiskt och akademiskt håll betonas betydelsen av matematiskt partikulärspråk för barnsmatematiska kunskapsutveckling. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att studera hur förskolelärare och barn konstruerar matematiska begrepp i en förskolekontext. Arbetet tar avstamp i sociokulturellt och kulturanalytisk teori. Data har konstruerat genom att jag som forskare har följt och samtala med en lärare i förskolans verksamhet. Det empiriska materialet har dokumenterats med fältanteckningar och filminspelningar, totalt omfattar filmmaterialet ca 8 timmar.

This master thesis in energy optimization was made during the autumn of 2006 at Käppala wastewater treatment plant in Lidingö, Stockholm. A preceding thesis, where all electricity consumption was mapped, showed that the aeration in the biological treatment is the single largest consumer in the plant, and it is therefore of interest to reduce this cost. The oxygen control strategy used at Käppala WWTP is working well from a nutrient removal point of view, but not from an economic one. The last aerobic zones have a very low oxygen consumption during low loading periods which give rise to enhanced dissolved oxygen concentrations with excessive costs and reduced denitrification as a result. But also during periods of normal loading unnecessary high oxygen concentration are sometimes given.By modifying the aeration control strategy three full-scale experiments have been made, with the intention to reduce the air consumption.

Blast furnace is the heart of every steel plant. Steel production is based on the blast furnace process, as it is where the iron is extracted from the iron ore and turned into liquid iron, which will subsequently be used to make liquid steel. Therefore, without hot iron, steel can not be produced. Blast furnaces in this process are supplied among others with pulverized coal. Raw coal should be prepared for the blast furnaces in the form of fine coal powder.

Background: Investors have several options to choose from when the goal is to achieve the highest yield at the lowest cost and risk. Stocks are a common investment options, but is also associated with risks. Portfolios are usually constructed with several different assets to reduce the unsystematic risk of investment. Funds are similar to composite stock portfolios, the big difference is that they dealt with in their entirety and investors may not affect the fund's content. The problem remains that whether you choose stocks or mutual funds there is still uncertainty as to how the future will unfold.

I takt med att Internetanvändandet ökar på bekostnad av andra medier blir Internet alltviktigare som marknadsföringskanal.Att synas på Internet har tidigare främst åstadkommits med hjälp av så kallade bannerannonser.Numera finns det en mängd andra sätt för att kommunicera med sina kunder somtill exempel e-postmarknadsföring och marknadsföring genom sökmotorer.Av alla varianter av marknadsföring på Internet är sökmotormarknadsföring den marknadsföringsform som växer överlägset snabbast. Det finns två varianter av sökmotormarknadsföring: vanliga annonser i form av länkar som presenteras vid sidan av sökresultatet ochsökmotoroptimering. Sökmotoroptimering, som företrädesvis behandlas i den här utredningen,syftar till att ge webbplatser höga placeringar i sökmotorer som Google, Yahoo ochMSN Search.Eftersom sökmotoroptimering, även kallat search engine optimization eller SEO, är en mycketkomplex verksamhet är det svårt för företag som vill köpa den här tjänsten att veta hur manskall gå tillväga för att få tag på en kompetent konsult. Vad som komplicerar saken ytterligareär att det har framkommit att många sökmotormarknadsförare har använt otillåtna metoder föratt ge sina kunder höga placeringar. Dessa metoder kan visserligen vara mycket effektiva menom det upptäcks riskerar både konsulten och kunden att bli utslängda ur sökmotorernasregister, även kallade index.

Sönderdelning och transport av GROT (grenar och toppar) kräver dyra maskinsystem samtidigt som efterfrågan av sortimenteten varierar kraftigt under året. Det är därför svårt att planera flöden av GROT-flis effektivt och samtidigt välja rätt maskinsystem. AB Karl Hedin är en sågverkskoncern lokaliserad i Bergslagen. De äger fyra sågverk varav tre är sverigebaserade. De levererar även GROT-flis till flertalet värmeverk och har ett behov av ett beslutsstöd som underlättar sortimentets flödesplanering och föreslår maskinsystem. Projektets syfte var att skapa ett användarvänligt enperiodsbeslutsstöd med mål att maximera den totala vinsten och genom detta kvantifiera GROT-flisflödets förbättringspotential. Nio månaders historiska flödesdata kartlades och användes som jämförande testperiod. Genom en fallstudie bestående av två scenarier analyserades optimeringar med månadsvisa, kvartalsvisa och säsongsvisa (9 mån) optimeringshorisonter: 1.

The objective of this study is to investigate a new pedagogical material called 4DFrame, how it is experienced by informants and how suitable it is in education - in particular mathematics. Socioculturalperspective has a central role in this study when students are given opportunities for linguistic and social interaction during the experiment with the new pedagogical material. The methodology for this study has been visits, interviews, and observations. The study reveals that there are different views on the didactic potential for mathematics of the new teaching material, though no conclusions can be drawn regarding whether this material is more or less suitable in teaching since no research have been found that compares this with other pedagogical materials. Both national and international studies show the need to find alternative and better ways to make mathematic education meaningful.