Background: Once upon a time the most important resources in an economy were tangible goods. Historically, Swedish company culture has been dominated by engineering and techni-cal innovation has been the focal point. Today, Intangible values drive product development and form a company?s differentiation. Intangibles have therefore become the most prominent resources in a company.

Åren mellan 1950-1965 ses som första generationens innovationsprocess genom att allt fler företag ökade sin användning av innovationsprocesser i samband med den teknologiska utvecklingen i företagen som kännetecknas av den här perioden. Innovation innebär i korthet att något nytt åstadkoms eller att något redan existerande förnyas. Innovationer är ett måste att använda sig av för att företaget ska ha en chans att hålla sig kvar på markanden trots att konkurrensen bara blir starkare och starkare. Det finns flera typer av innovationer, två exempel är produktinnovation och processinnovation. Dessa två innovationstyper är ofta väldigt nära kopplat till varandra och svåra att skilja på.

Åren mellan 1950-1965 ses som första generationens innovationsprocess genom att allt fler företag ökade sin användning av innovationsprocesser i samband med den teknologiska utvecklingen i företagen som kännetecknas av den här perioden. Innovation innebär i korthet att något nytt åstadkoms eller att något redan existerande förnyas. Innovationer är ett måste att använda sig av för att företaget ska ha en chans att hålla sig kvar på markanden trots att konkurrensen bara blir starkare och starkare. Det finns flera typer av innovationer, två exempel är produktinnovation och processinnovation. Dessa två innovationstyper är ofta väldigt nära kopplat till varandra och svåra att skilja på.

This master thesis encompasses an inventory of the older industrial community of Gimo. Investigations of the contamination situation for each industrial area were done. A risk classification according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency?s ?Method of Surveying Contaminated Sites?, phase one, followed. The risk classification was done on areas of Iron Work, a rockwool industry and a landfill. Gimo have had iron manufacturing from 1615 until 1945. Gimo have had two blast-furnaces and two smithies periodically.

The purpose of my task was to map the pallet flows at Findus and put together as well as analyze the problems. My work has also included finding out what alternatives there are to the present pallet exchange system and suggest measures to reduce the problems.The problems can be divided into poor quality and hygiene issues. The poor quality, for instance poor strength is due to arbitrary judgements and the fact that there are companies that make a system of manufacturing forged pallets of an inferior quality compared to the EUR-pallets. These pallets are marked with stamps more or less similar to the EUR-mark and taken into the exchange system. Of course there are rules how to judge a pallet but these rules are many and sometimes indistinct and there are a lot of marks to keep track of.The most dangerous part is when the pallets lack the prescribed carrying capacity.

Understory vegetation and fungi are regarded as important ecological drivers of processes like productivity and nutrient cycling in boreal forests. Whilst those processes are linked to soil water content, relatively little is known about the sources of soil water for these forest components. During early autumn in boreal forests, temperature falls and large events of rain are frequent which may influence soil water availability. To better understand the autumn plant-soil-fungi water relationships in this ecosystem, I used stable isotopes techniques in this study to examine the water sources for ericaceous shrubs and fungi in a Scots pine forest following a large, early autumn rain event. I hypothesize that ericaceous shrubs of two functional groups (evergreen vs.

Since the 1990?s the Swedish school system has undergone major and recurring structural reforms. Two of the most comprehensive changes has been the shift of primary schools as an integral part of the welfare state to the responsibility of the municipalities as well as the introduction of free school choice for the students. Through two months of participant observations and semi-structured interviews this thesis seeks to answer the question of how these reforms has come to effect the work of teachers in a medium sized public school in a small municipality in the outskirts of Stockholm. Earlier research has shown that public schools in socio-economically vulnerable areas are disadvantaged due to the reformation of the school system (Beach & Sernhede, 2011; Östh, Andersson, & Malmberg, 2013).

The increased interest in a sustainable environment puts pressure on companies in the manufacturing industry. Rexcell Tissue & Airlaid AB (Rexcell) in Skåpafors produces paper to be converted into tabletop and hygiene products. Rexcell is certified according to the environmental management system ISO 14001, gaining competitive advantages by showing that the company works toward a sustainable environment and that they follow current legislation. The activities at the company are classified as hazardous to the environment according to the Environmental code. Every year, the activities are inspected by an independent inspector.

SyfteSyftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader mellan kvinnor som blivit suturerade med ett snabbabsorberande monofilt suturmaterial, Caprosyn® och ett multifilt suturmaterial, Polysorb® då det gällde kvinnans uppfattning om hur bristningen läkte åtta veckor postpartum.UrvalEtt konsekutivt randomiserat urval. Fyrahundratvå kvinnor som fått en bristning vid förlossningen randomiserades till att sutureras med antingen Caprosyn® eller Polysorb®. Den slutgiltiga svarsfrekvensen var 67 %, det största bortfallet var på förlossningsavdelningen.MetodEn experimentell kvantitativ studie. Två enkäter användes i studien, en som barnmorskan besvarade direkt efter förlossningen om bristningens art samt en till de medverkande kvinnorna åtta veckor postpartum.ResultatInga skillnader fanns mellan suturmaterialen då det gäller kvinnornas smärta i underlivet, obehag i underlivet, återupptagande av sexualliv, samlagssmärta, amning eller hur många kvinnor som sökt sjukvård samt varför de sökt sjukvård åtta veckor postpartum. Fler positiva kommentarer gavs av barnmorskorna om Polysorb® än om Caprosyn®.

Respiratory disease with airway inflammation as main characteristic is common in the horse. It is a syndrome that is not yet fully understood. The etiology, pathogenesis and classification into different disease states are subjects for discussion and under continuous revision. Despite a number of modern techniques, the diagnostic procedure is challenging. There is no test considered to be gold standard when diagnosing these diseases.

Saab Automobile AB i Trollhättan är i behov av en förbättrad metod för virtuella byggnationer som beredningen kan använda sig av i biltillverkningen. Genom att skapa en processtruktur i befintligt PLM-system som kan kommunicera och hämta data från den produktstruktur som redan finns skulle mycket arbete kunna sparas. Idag använder beredarna sig av ett visualiseringsprogram som man kopplar produktstrukturen till. Enligt nuvarande metod bygger beredarna upp en struktur i detta visualiseringsprogram som fungerar som en processtruktur inför varje ny projektgrind. Denna struktur går inte att enkelt uppdatera och därför måste en ny skapas inför varje ny projektgrind.

Water is vital for all life on earth. But it can also be dangerous, even fatal, if it is polluted water. 60 percent of child mortality can directly be deduced to dirty water. Not only developing countries are affected, even in the western world epidemics are breaking out by partake or bathing in dirty/polluted water.MIP, Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, is a biosensor technology that can provide faster and more reliable response than the current methods of water analysis. It is also cheaper and due to that more samples can be taken and analyzed.

This study presents a holistic view of which factors small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have to consider, in moving their customer order decoupling point (CODP) further from the customer, thereby becoming more customized. The study also investigate whether SMEs and larger enterprises differ in the strategic questions relating to what influences an enterprise to become more customized, which prerequisites are required and which problems enterprises should anticipate and prepare for. These questions are important, given that strategic change is challenging, and can take considerable time to accomplish; it therefore needs to be based on the right decisions. This study is motivated by the fact that the markets SMEs are selling to tend to become more and more complex and harder to anticipate. Increased globalisation and use of IT and ICT have lead to greater uncertainty in customer demand.

The main purpose of this bachelor thesis is to create a product in the form of a database that can be used for cost estimates of equipment within bio refineries. Through interviews and literature searches the key components and their costs were identified. The database was constructed in Microsoft Excel with different tabs for different categories of components; these tabs are further divided into three parts: one part with costs, one part with calculations and an information part. Most of the part with costs contains the expenses found in scientific papers during the literature study, the calculating part converts different capacities according to user preferences and the currency to euro (?) from 2010 and the information part consists of references and information about what is included in the cost.The database is a good tool for making cost estimates for bio refineries.

Over the course of the past the agricultural sector has been characterized by radical market changes. Changing market conditions have forced owners of agricultural and forestry businesses to make further investments. This increase in investments has led to a greater need for external capital, which has increased the relationship between banks and owners of agricultural and forestry businesses. The financial sector is characterized by strong rivalry, which forces banks to create strategic positions in the financial market. Since agricultural and forestry businesses are generally seen as secure customers by banks, due to high property and land values, the competition between banks with agricultural and forestry businesses as customers has amplified.