The building industry consumes approximately 40 % of the total energy consumption in Sweden, where the using stage is dominating with 80 %. There is a lot of work in progress to reduce energy use in the building industry, and the demands from authorities regarding energy use increases. As a part of this work Building and planning department of Sweden has established a requirement that has been applied since 2006, and restricts a maximum energy use for buildings.The requirement includes that an energy simulation must be done in advance to demonstrate that it is possible to meet the demands.Reality is however more complex than an energy simulation program, that frequently underestimates the energy use of buildings. The purpose of this thesisis to study and analyse deviations between estimated and actual energy use in modern apartment buildings. The study includes four apartment buildings in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Jönköping that were built in 2007-2009.

The Swedish potential of electricity production from roof mounted solar panels has been determined in three steps: accessing the existing roof top areas, simulating the amount of electricity solar panels can produce on these areas and finally analyzing how large the necessary economical change is to make the solar cells profitable.The total existing amount of roof top areas are 319 square kilometers and the area distribution follows the distribution of people. This leads to an installed power of 47,9 GW which are expected to produce 49,0 TWh electricity per year. If the quality of the electricity is prioritized the highest the power is reduced to 3,7 GW, generating 3,8 TWh yearly, but if the hosting capacity is calculated from Sweden?s total electricity need, the capacity is 42 TWh per year.Today, solar panels are not profitable in Sweden for houses, even though there is a subsidy of 35 % of the investment costs, discounted in 25 years. The profitability is calculated with a cost of capital of 5 %, a price on electricity of 1 SEK/kWh and an investment cost of 20 SEK/Wp.

Fo?ra?ndrade konsumtionsmo?nster som ga?r fo?retagen fo?rbi kan i la?ngden visa sig o?desdigert och det a?r da?rfo?r viktigt att identifiera dessa fo?ra?ndringar och analysera vad de inneba?r fo?r de inblandade. I dataspelsbranschen har ett nytt konsumtionsmo?nster va?xt fram da?r ma?nniskor i allt sto?rre utstra?ckning intar en a?ska?darroll ista?llet fo?r att sja?lva delta i spelandet. Elektronisk sport eller e-sport som det har kommit att kallas lockar miljontals tittare va?rlden o?ver och har bo?rjat fa? en betydande roll inom dataspelsbranschen.

Enligt socialstyrelsens rekommendationer bo?r varje kommun uppfo?ra genomfo?randeplaner fo?r de inva?nare som har en insats genom Socialtja?nstlagen (SoL). Fo?r att fa? en insats genom SoL skall en handla?ggare go?ra en utredning som ligger till underlag fo?r ett eventuellt beviljande av insats. Syftet med studien a?r att beskriva och analysera hur informationen fo?rmedlas mellan de personer som a?r delaktiga i uppfo?randet av bista?ndsbeslut och genomfo?randeplaner inom boendesto?d.

Kommunalt avloppsvatten innehÄller stora mÀngder föroreningar bland annat organiskt material som pÄverkar organismerna i naturen. Reningsverken runtom i Sverige arbetar stÀndigt för att minimera utslÀppen av föroreningar. Det Àr viktigt att kontinuerligt analysera vattnets kvalité för att kontrollera reningsverkets funktion. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) och Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Àr tvÄ analysmetoder som anvÀnds för att mÀta organisk halt i avloppsvatten. FrÄn COD-analysen uppkommer farligt avfall som innehÄller kvicksilver varför analysmetoden enligt EU-direktiv ska fasas ut.

Agency theory describes the conflict of interest between the principal (stockholders) and the agent (CEO). Aligning the incentives of executives with those of the owners is the most direct way to mitigate the agency problem. If there is no meaningful link between CEO compensation and company performance, it is doubtful that the large sums of assets in public corporations are being managed efficiently. In theory the solution is simple reward the CEO when shareholders wealth increases. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if there is a relationship between company performance and CEO compensation among Swedish companies, in materials and information technology industry.

Total protection is often the option chosen when protecting forests with high environmental values. An alternative to total protection is application of management regimes that do not interrupt continuity of tree cover. This study focuses mainly on continuous cover forestry (CCF) in forest stands already protected. All objects are situated in the county of JĂ€mtland in northwest Sweden. The purpose of the study was to attain a greater knowledge about CCF practices.

Energy Director is a control and measuring system for energy consumption and is part of the product portfolio of E.ON AG for more efficient use of energy, offered to business customers. As of today, the system has only one parameter of control, namely power, and the objective of this essay has been to investigate whether other ones could be added. The emphasis is on the environmental perspective, which is why carbon dioxide has served as an example for this parameter in question.Parallel with the study of Energy Director electricity on the margin, calculations of carbon dioxide equivalents and also the Swedish trade of electricity have all been highlighted. Results indicate that when reductions in energy are made it is endorsed to omit from electricity on the margin rather than some mean distributed electricity, under certain conditions, and in addition the calculations of the reductions should be modified regarding the efficiency of the power stations fuelled by lignite and bituminous coal. Sweden practices trade with the Nordic countries as well as Poland and Germany.

Background: Businesses are traditionally valued with the so called Discounted Cash Flow-model. When valuing newly-started businesses, surrounded by high uncertainty, and whose capital mostly consists of unrealized business opportunities, the Discounted Cash Flow-model needs to be complemented if the total value of the business is to be captured. A valuation with the help of real options is capable of valuing these unrealized opportunities, which often exist in newly-started businesses. The unrealized opportunities are to be found in the business plan of the business, why this needs to be valued to capture the total value of a newly-started business. Purpose: To demonstrate what the use of real options can result in when valuing businesses.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att underso?ka, med diskursanalys som metod, hur den som a?r missta?nkt fo?r brott konstrueras och vilka maktdiskurser som kan exponeras i tva? textmaterial utgivna av det svenska ra?ttsva?sendet. Det huvudsakliga empiriska materialet a?r rapporten Ha?ktningstider och restriktioner och det andra textmaterialet som anva?nds av Kriminalva?rden och som finns tillga?ngligt fo?r ha?ktade a?r, Information till ha?ktade. Teorier som anva?nds uto?ver diskursanalys och Michel Foucault, a?r Erving Goffmans teori om totala institutioner.

Generell anestesi kan ges som inhalationsanestesi eller total intravenös anestesi (TIVA). En förutsÀgbar anestesi med snabbt uppvaknande och bibehÄllen vakenhet Àr en högt önskvÀrd egenskap oavsett anestesiform. Det rÄder en klinisk och vetenskaplig diskussion om vilken anestesiform som ger snabbast tidig postoperativ ÄterhÀmtning. syftet med studien var att jÀmföra patienters tidiga postoperativa ÄterhÀmtning efter inhalationsanestesi respektive efter total intravenös anestesi (TIVA). Metoden var en litteraturstudie baserad pÄ 15 vetenskapliga artiklar.

This report will point out the income for a scania plant production farm, this has been estimated through a case study. The outcome of this report will later be used to calculate a reasonable leasehold charge. This case study is solitary based upon this particular studied farm, at this very point, and can therefore not be used as a general guide. The reason why this particular scania plant production farm has been selected, is because the author is born and raised at the farm and has the intention to run the farm in the future. The chosen farm for this report is based in the southwest of scania and cover 300 hectare of plant production. The crop rotation consists of autumn wheat, sugar beats, spring wheat, spring barely, winter rape and fallow. The farm owns all machinery required.

Det motivationsklimat som omger idrottare kan pa?verka sa?va?l deras prestation som deras va?lbefinnande. Med utga?ngspunkt i sja?lvbesta?mmandeteorin underso?ktes hur motivationsklimatet sa?g ut, vilka styrkor det hade och vilka eventuella ha?lsorisker det kunde skapa i en grupp innebandyspelare i Superligan. Enligt sja?lvbesta?mmandeteorin har ma?nniskor tre grundla?ggande behov (autonomi, kompetens och samho?righet).

The incineration of waste is steadily increasing in Sweden and so is the production ofashes. The bottom ash has for many years been used as construction material inlandfills. Now many of the nation's landfills are closed and there is a great need to findanother beneficial use for the ash. Bottom ash is a gravel-like material and with itsmaterial properties it can replace natural gravel in parts of roads and surfaceconstructions. Today this use is only approved within landfill areas where leachate iscollected and checked.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the adherence to basic hygiene routines among staff and to investigate if there is any difference between the adherences in diverse professions. The purpose was also to study how staff rates their own adherence to current guidelines. Data for the study were collected through observations and questionnaires. Altogether 35 people were observed and 15 answered the questionnaire. Maximum adherence was found in the category of "hand disinfection after patient contact" with a score of 96%.