The determination of the optical properties of biological tissue is an important issue in laser medicine. The optical properties define the tissue´s absorption and scattering behaviour, and can be expressed by quantities such as the albedo, the optical thickness and the anisotropy coefficient. During this project, a measurement system for the determination of the optical properties was built up. The system consists of a double integrating sphere set-up to perform the necessary reflection and transmission measurements, and a computer algorithm to calculate the optical properties from the measured data. This algorithm is called Inverse Adding Doubling method, and is based on a one-dimensional transport model.

Most companies have a bottleneck in their production, that is a constraining re-source. When the demand is higher than the capacity in the constraining resource it is impossible to produce the demanded output. This problem leads to delayed deliveries, unhappy customers and ultimately to decreased revenue. Bottlenecks therefore has a significant role in production and must be handled thereof.MW Power in Sävsjö, Sweden designs and manufactures water and steam boilers for the customer's unique needs. MW Power invested in a new plasma cutting ma-chine but the machine has not reached the expected capacity.

This study compares the sample variance of the mean in a simple random sample (SRS) and a systematic sample from a surface. The study also compares the prediction error variance in a SRS and systematic sample from a random field. Recommendations are presented on which method to use in the clearance and exemption process in the nuclear industry. The results indicate that quadratic systematic sampling outperformed SRS in most instances and proved to be especially efficient in the presence of a long-ranged covariance function and high sampling intensity (i.e. short distances between observations).

Spasticitet, kontrakturer och muskelstelhet kan orsaka nedsatt rörlighet i leder. Ett stort antal behandlingsmetoder för att förbättra rörligheten i leder och muskler används. Resultaten av dessa behandlingsmetoder har visat skiftande verkningsgrad, vilket ökar intresset för att ta fram mer avancerade mätmetoder med ökad tillförlitlighet. Syftet med studien var att reliabilitetstesta en Biodex multijoint system III för mätning av passiv muskelstelhet i vadmuskulaturen. Åtta män (29±5) år och tolv kvinnor (24±3) år, deltog i studien.

This thesis is the final part of bachelors program of Nuclear Engineering at UppsalaUniversity (program code KKI1). The work has been carried out in cooperation withForsmark Kraftgrupp AB. The topic studied deals with possible improvements ofefficiency at the planning department at block 2 in Forsmark i.e. FMP2.FMP2 plans and coordinates over 3,000 operations which is carried out during theannual overhaul of block 2 in Forsmark. Inspections, fuel replacement and repairs areincluded in the annual overhaul.

In the last decades, lean production has proven to be one of the most important organizational paradigms in manufacturing. The lean concept has also spread into the service industry where it is applied within a range of different areas. The wide applicability of lean principles has spurred the authors of this study to apply the principles in the context of the operations of a Swedish remand prison. The thesis examines the process a client of the remand prison Häktet Kronoberg goes through from the time of arrest until he/she is released or convicted and transferred to jail. Based on lean tools and principles, the thesis maps and analyses this process.

Reumatoid artrit (RA) är den vanligaste inflammatoriska sjukdomen i Sverige. Artros är en icke inflammatorisk sjukdom. En del av behandlingen för reumatiker idag består av patientundervisning i grupp. Genom patientundervisning ökar patientens kunskaper och bättre förutsättning till egenvård ges. Syftet med studien var att beskriva kursdeltagares erfarenheter av patientundervisning för reumatiker fem år efter avslutad kurs.

The purpose of this work is to providing a general set of base classes for building simulators, for example a robot system. Instead of every time building a new simulator from the beginning, you get the already completed components from a library. The library should in that way act as a springboard for development.To do this work, there?s a lot of knowledge required in how a general robot system could look like. Therefore it was necessary to gather some information about robotics.

In September 2008, a proposition to limit auditors? liability for statutory audit was launched by a Swedish Government official report. Auditors? legal liability in this respect has been joint and unlimited for more than 60 years in Sweden. By using a qualitative literature study method, this paper aims at discovering how the proposed change in legal liability affects the legitimacy of auditors in Sweden.

This study aims to examine the effect the evaluation system used by the Stockholm County Council, has on how the healthcare providers themselves conduct the evaluation regarding their own operations. This is done through a qualitative case study of the evaluation systems of the Stockholm County Council and of four primary healthcare producers concerning one primary healthcare contract. The evaluation systems were analysed using Merchant and Ver der Stede's (2007) framework for different types of control. In order to give a more detailed picture this framework was complemented with different types of performance measurement. The evaluation that the Stockholm County Council conducts was found to have little influence on the providers own evaluation with the exception of the quality indicators that are rewarded with a monetary bonus..

This thesis work is executed at Business Unit Ericsson Test Environment (BETE), in Linköping. BETE is the department at Ericsson, which is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the company's Operations Support System (OSS). Their management system was outdated and they wanted it to be updated and it also required new features. The database needed to be replaced and the data migrated to a new database without licensing costs. The system also needed a part where employees could manage existing users.As a programming language PHP was chosen for its dynamic possibilities, platform independence and good support for database intergration.

NATO, USA, Storbritannien och Ryssland m.fl. använder sig av stridsuppgiften räd för markstridskrafter och erfarenheter från bl.a. Irakkriget 2003 visar att de kan få stor betydelse. Räder anses överensstämma med manöverteorin, men räder återfinns inte som stridsuppgift för svenska markstridskrafter.Denna uppsats analyserar stridsuppgiften räd för markstridskrafter, operationaliserar två indikatorer för räder och med hjälp av dessa undersöks hur räder är förenligt med FM nuvarande doktrin och Reglemente för Markoperationer (RMO).Undersökningen visar att räder inte är förenliga med nuvarande doktrin och RMO. Bl.a.

This master of economics paper discuss that the globalization has lead to increasing internationalization among small Swedish IT- companies in the service sector. Sweden has a long history of foreign trade but in the beginning of the industrialization only large companies that produced goods answered for the foreign trade. Before, the Swedish companies begun their operations abroad in fairly nearby markets and only gradually penetrated far-flung countries. Now this is no longer possible. When small companies nowadays seek growth in other countries there is no time internationalize with the same approaches as before, especially when the company offers a service.

The establishment of loan-based structures within a group of associated enterprises with the purpose of lowering the group's taxes by using deductible interest payments to transfer money has become increasingly popular in Sweden during the past few years. The legislator has therefore implemented new laws which restrict the amount of interest payments that are deductible within a group of associated enterprises. As a consequence the definition of associated enterprises has become of high importance. The definition has been criticized and is perceived by many as vague and difficult to interpret. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the definition of associated enterprises in Swedish tax law with the aim of clarifying its scope and meaning.

Due to their complexity and heavy wear from rail traffic, switches are a sensitive part of the railway infrastructure and moreover expensive to maintain. Furthermore, increasing railway traffic not only accelerates the wear rate but also obstructs the necessary maintenance measures. This paper examines the opportunities for a transition to a long-term maintenance strategy in the Swedish railway network. It contains a study of the maintenance strategy of Banverket, and also analyses statistics of errors in the railway infrastructure. The survey was completed utilising interviews with infrastructure managers, maintenance contractors, planners of railway operations and the Banverket material service department.